Henry VIII and his ministers, 1509-40 

?
  • Created by: lyshac
  • Created on: 02-01-21 14:54
View mindmap
  • Henry VIII and his ministers, 1509-40
    • Henry VIII
      • ascended to the throne in 1509 at age 18, acknowledged the authority of the Pope (Catholic England), strong athlete, musician, educated and very stubborn
      • Henry believed in the divine rights of kings- appointed by God & only answerable to God
      • Strengths: inherited a stable and wealthy kingdom, he had strong views on how he wanted to rule the country, had a strong alliance with Spain and was surrounded with experienced advisors
      • Henry VIII's aims were simple: pursue glory through war, secure the succession, maintain law and order, create a magnificent royal court & be a good servient to the church
      • Weaknesses: had little experience and interest of government, simplistic view of kingship & was egotistical and overconfident
      • His desire to go to war asap wasn't necessarily good for England
    • Thomas Wolsey,  1509-29
      • Wolsey wasn't a member of the nobility, he was extremly intelligent and ambitious, willing to carry out the king's wishes- known as the 'Alter Rex' second king
      • Wolsey carried out important government tasks, financially ruined his rivals, removed potential rivals and impressed Henry by providing well- equipped army. 1509- member of the Royal court
      • Lord chancellor and cardinal by 1515- strengthened his power
      • Wolsey's Domestic Reforms
        • Star Chamber: a court set up to give out royal justice to all levels of society- increased the courts work
        • Enclosure: landlords fenced off land to be accessed by the poor, meaning they couldn't use it for growing food or animals anymore
        • The Eltham Ordinances: tackle the misspending and bad management of the palaces
        • Subsides: Henry's income wasn't enough to pay for wars- Wolsey needed to raise money, he used a combination of old and new methods of taxation to raise significant amounts of money
      • The Amicable Grant 1525: designed to fund Henry's war in France. tax on 1/3 of property owned by preists and 1/6 owned by ordinary people
        • Wolsey's Domestic Reforms
          • Star Chamber: a court set up to give out royal justice to all levels of society- increased the courts work
          • Enclosure: landlords fenced off land to be accessed by the poor, meaning they couldn't use it for growing food or animals anymore
          • The Eltham Ordinances: tackle the misspending and bad management of the palaces
          • Subsides: Henry's income wasn't enough to pay for wars- Wolsey needed to raise money, he used a combination of old and new methods of taxation to raise significant amounts of money
        • people refused to pay- led to a rebellion, this was the first significant rebellion of Henry's reign- Henry blamed Wolsey and cancelled the tax, leading to Wolsey becoming unpopular- war was cancelled
      • Wolsey's foreign policy aims
        • his main aim was to carry out the king's wishes and act as peacemakers between European states
        • Failures: 1512,22-25- War against France, 1527- Treaty of Westminster, 1529- Treaty of Cambrai
    • The annulment of Henry VIII's marriage
      • Thomas Wolsey,  1509-29
        • Wolsey wasn't a member of the nobility, he was extremly intelligent and ambitious, willing to carry out the king's wishes- known as the 'Alter Rex' second king
        • Wolsey carried out important government tasks, financially ruined his rivals, removed potential rivals and impressed Henry by providing well- equipped army. 1509- member of the Royal court
        • Lord chancellor and cardinal by 1515- strengthened his power
        • The Amicable Grant 1525: designed to fund Henry's war in France. tax on 1/3 of property owned by preists and 1/6 owned by ordinary people
          • people refused to pay- led to a rebellion, this was the first significant rebellion of Henry's reign- Henry blamed Wolsey and cancelled the tax, leading to Wolsey becoming unpopular- war was cancelled
        • Wolsey's foreign policy aims
          • his main aim was to carry out the king's wishes and act as peacemakers between European states
          • Failures: 1512,22-25- War against France, 1527- Treaty of Westminster, 1529- Treaty of Cambrai
      • Henry wanted an annulment of his marriage with Catherine Of Aragon (1572)
      • Catherine failed to provide a male heir (threatened the succession), Henry became uncertain of his marriage and saw it as God's punishment  for marrying his brothers wife.
      • 1527- Henry instructs Wolsey to persuade Pope to grant an annulment (on the grounds the marriage was unholy- Pope didn't want to offend Charles V- this failed- 1529 the case was ajourned- lots of pressure was put on Catherine
    • Thomas Cromwell 1529-40
      • not a member of nobility- humble beginning- becoming the chief's minister by 1534-seen as ruthless and unprincipled figure- vibrant personality- impressed Henry with loyalty
      • Cromwell and the annulment: knew the pope wouldn't grant it, so Henry should- 1533, Henry and Anne secretly married- Parliament also passed 'Act of Restraint of Appeals', Henry was head of church- the divorce hearing took place and Anne was crowned as queen
        • fall of Anne Boylen- Anne had a miscarriage and 'deformed' baby, accused to being a witch in court- Henry was fed up of no male heir and fancied Jane Seymour- Anne was flirty in court which was an embarrassment- Cromwell and Anne had different views on foreign policy
          • Cromwell built the adultery case- found guilty- marriage was annulled- 1536 Anne is executed
      • Jane Seymour- married Henry after Anne's death- the marriage gave the Seymour family big influence at court- 1537 gave birth to a son (Edward) however she died two weeks later- Henry went into mourning
      • marriage to the Anne of Cleves would provide Henry with a valuable European ally- Cromwell believed this marriage would strengthen protestant cause in court-
      • Henry gave permission for marriage negations to begin in 1539- when she arrived Henry disliked he- however the marriage still went through after being postponed
        • Cromwell started to look for a new wife after Seymour's death- one son wasn't enough to secure the Tudor dynasty
          • marriage to the Anne of Cleves would provide Henry with a valuable European ally- Cromwell believed this marriage would strengthen protestant cause in court-
      • Cromwell's downfall: arrested for treason and heresy 1540, Duke of Norfolk, French Catholics & court and the church hated Cromwell
  • Fall of Wolsey: 1529- stripped of powers and exiled to York, 1530- summoned to court but died on the way
    • Reasons: Failure to gain annulment,  the Amicable Grant and foreign policy against Charles V and the influence of the Boleyn family
  • Cromwell, Government & Parliament
    • problems with the Royal council: dominated by one man, no guidelines, discussions and decisions were not recorded, many didn't attend meeting
    • The council of the North: The North was fairly independent but Cromwell wanted everywhere under one system- strengthened council
    • The Act of Union: Wales was part of England, Welsh laws were replaced and gained representation in English Parliament
    • Cromwell's management of Parliament: was used more regularly, key changes in the Church & state were made 'Acts of Parliament', strengthened the kings authority, Cromwell controlled Parliament and was the center of Government- laws now had to be passed with approval of the king too
    • Thomas Cromwell 1529-40
      • not a member of nobility- humble beginning- becoming the chief's minister by 1534-seen as ruthless and unprincipled figure- vibrant personality- impressed Henry with loyalty
      • Cromwell and the annulment: knew the pope wouldn't grant it, so Henry should- 1533, Henry and Anne secretly married- Parliament also passed 'Act of Restraint of Appeals', Henry was head of church- the divorce hearing took place and Anne was crowned as queen
        • fall of Anne Boylen- Anne had a miscarriage and 'deformed' baby, accused to being a witch in court- Henry was fed up of no male heir and fancied Jane Seymour- Anne was flirty in court which was an embarrassment- Cromwell and Anne had different views on foreign policy
          • Cromwell built the adultery case- found guilty- marriage was annulled- 1536 Anne is executed
      • Jane Seymour- married Henry after Anne's death- the marriage gave the Seymour family big influence at court- 1537 gave birth to a son (Edward) however she died two weeks later- Henry went into mourning
      • Henry gave permission for marriage negations to begin in 1539- when she arrived Henry disliked he- however the marriage still went through after being postponed
        • Cromwell started to look for a new wife after Seymour's death- one son wasn't enough to secure the Tudor dynasty
        • Cromwell's downfall: arrested for treason and heresy 1540, Duke of Norfolk, French Catholics & court and the church hated Cromwell
    • The reformation & it's impact 1529-40
      • Henry VII's break with Rome was mainly caused by the 'Great Matter' and the annulment with Catherine of Aragon
        • Protestantism: came from Germany- reform the church-reformation- no pope (individual rulers)- bible translated out of Latin- teach the 'word of God'
          • Reasons for Henry VIII supporting the break from Rome: Henry began to support Protestant ideas- pressure the Pope for his annulment- concerned about the state of the Church and was pressured & Henry knew he could gain alot of money
      • The reformation secured the Break from Rome but English Church wasn't truly Protestant
        • Most people weren't affected by changes in daily life- it was still dangerous to be Protestant's and to be seen supporting the Pope 1538- Henry moved back towards Catholicism
      • Monasteries were central to the Catholic Church as a whole- their role was religious and social
        • Reasons for Dissolution: Visitations & Corruption: 1535 Cromwell sent a commission of officials to inspect the monasteries- visitations found that some monks were not celibate, nuns had children- some monastries were corrupt/ some were goof
          • winners: religious reformers, Henry VII, gentry and nobility
          • losers: monks and nuns, poor and sick, farmers
      • Henry VIII and his ministers, 1509-40
        • Henry VIII
          • ascended to the throne in 1509 at age 18, acknowledged the authority of the Pope (Catholic England), strong athlete, musician, educated and very stubborn
          • Henry believed in the divine rights of kings- appointed by God & only answerable to God
          • Strengths: inherited a stable and wealthy kingdom, he had strong views on how he wanted to rule the country, had a strong alliance with Spain and was surrounded with experienced advisors
          • Henry VIII's aims were simple: pursue glory through war, secure the succession, maintain law and order, create a magnificent royal court & be a good servient to the church
          • Weaknesses: had little experience and interest of government, simplistic view of kingship & was egotistical and overconfident
          • His desire to go to war asap wasn't necessarily good for England
        • The annulment of Henry VIII's marriage
          • Henry wanted an annulment of his marriage with Catherine Of Aragon (1572)
          • Catherine failed to provide a male heir (threatened the succession), Henry became uncertain of his marriage and saw it as God's punishment  for marrying his brothers wife.
          • 1527- Henry instructs Wolsey to persuade Pope to grant an annulment (on the grounds the marriage was unholy- Pope didn't want to offend Charles V- this failed- 1529 the case was ajourned- lots of pressure was put on Catherine
      • Pilgrimage of Grace- huge rebellion (north heading to south- London)- saw themselves as pilgrims defending faith
        • social- healthcare, charity & shelter was gone
          • Economic- poor harvests, complains about rising rent & closure, gentry and nobility opposed
            • political- nobility felt threatened & hated Cromwell (power over the King)
              • Religious- North was mainly Catholic- didn't support Break from Rome, opposed the Dissolution of the Monastries, scared all churches would be shut down
        • Reasons for the Pilgrimage of Grace's failure: Henry broke his promises'- Henry sped up the Dissolution after the Pilgrimage as he saw monastries as as a factor for opposition, Henry increase the power of the Council of the North to deal with any futher unrest
    • Protestantism: came from Germany- reform the church-reformation- no pope (individual rulers)- bible translated out of Latin- teach the 'word of God'
      • Reasons for Henry VIII supporting the break from Rome: Henry began to support Protestant ideas- pressure the Pope for his annulment- concerned about the state of the Church and was pressured & Henry knew he could gain alot of money

    Comments

    No comments have yet been made

    Similar History resources:

    See all History resources »See all Henry VIII and his ministers resources »