Henry VII: Religion

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  • Created by: Edunlop04
  • Created on: 28-12-21 21:09
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  • Henry VII: Religion
    • Start of his reign
      • England was Catholic - under the Pope's jurisdiction
        • remained Catholic under Henry VII
    • Individuals
      • John Colet
        • Translated New Testament into English
        • Inherited St Paul's School after his fathers death
        • Highly critical of the clergy standards
          • Foreshadows Protestant views
      • Sir Thomas More
        • Lawyer and Humanist scholar
        • Lord Chancellor to H8
      • Erasmus
        • Dutch scholar
        • Book sought to regenerate Christianity
          • The Handbook of a Christian Soldier
          • emphasis on education and rejection of some traditional Church ceremonies
        • highly critical of Church abuses
      • Lady Margret Beaufort
        • H7 mother
        • Piety reflected in widespread donations
          • Especially Cambridge University
      • Pope Martin V
        • Declared King of England governed Church in England rather than the Pope
          • H7 used the power to appoint Bishops who had legal training
            • administrative competence>spirituality
      • Richard Fox
        • started serving Henry while in exile
        • Bishop of Exeter and Lord Keeper of the Great seal (1487)
        • Bishop of Bath and Wells, Durham, Winchester
        • Managed Crown transition to H8
      • John Morton
        • Churchman and lawyer
        • Originally Lancastrian - made Yorkist peace to work under Edward IV
          • Work against R3
            • Promoted to Archbishop of Canterbury by H7 (1486)
        • Became a Cardinal (1493)
        • Managed Crown transition to H8
    • Social role
      • Lay people- money
        • Donated to rebuilding Parish Church
        • Left money to the Church in wills
          • Reduced time in purgatory
          • Helped perpetuate benefactors memory
          • Improve worship
        • Left money for chantries
          • Chapels where Masses for souls of the dead were said
          • H8 dissolution of chantries caused so much distress as it was the people's money that founded them
      • Guilds and Confraternaties
        • Groups of men (sometimes women)
        • gathered to provide collectively for the Parish Church
        • Funeral costs, pay chaplains of Masses, help maintain church fabric, make charitable donations, socialise
        • Guilds - very popular
          • varied in size and wealth
        • Wealthier - source of local patronage and power
          • Ran schools and almshouses
          • Maintained bridges and sea walls
          • Funded expensive projects (Lincolnshire spire)
        • Raised funds through church-ale festivals
      • Status
        • Church = great landwoner
        • Parish level
          • Curates and Chantry Priests - moderately rewarded
        • Higher level (larger houses)
          • Bishops and Abbots - important figures, House of Lords, political roles
      • Pilgrimages
        • Visiting saint's tomb (Thomas Beckett, Canterbury) or shrine (Virgin Mary, Walsingham)
        • Beckett's tomb loosing popularity
        • Thomas a Kempis - critical of the practice
        • Rogation Sunday
          • Simpler pilgrimage form
          • Walking around Parish boundaries praying for its protection
            • Banners and Parish cross
          • Emphasised Parish importance - key community focus
      • Individual experience
        • Increased importance over 15th century
        • Emphasised in mystic writings
          • personal communication of individual with God
    • Religious Orders
      • Monastic orders
        • 1%adult males were monks
        • 900 religious communities
        • Benedictines - oldest and most common religious order
          • Named after Saint Benedict (devised monastic rule)
          • Houses were large - larger houses acted as Cathedrals of their diocese
        • Other orders
          • Cistercians
            • Catholic religious order of monks and nuns
            • Branched from Benedictines
            • Follow St Benedict's rule
          • Carthusians
            • Life combines eremitical and cenobitic monasticism
            • Has own rule - statutes
            • Enclosed religious order of Roman Catholic Church
          • Formed late 11th century - prompted by Benedictines lack of zeal
          • Monasteries in rural areas
        • Monastric recruits - wide background range
          • majority of monks in larger houses - wealthier backgrounds
          • Many recruited locally
      • Friars
        • Supported by charitable donations
        • Worked among lay people
        • 3 main orders of friars
          • Dominicans (black friars)
          • Augustinians
          • Franciscans (grey friars)
          • Seem to recruit from lower socially than larger monastaries
        • Late 15th century - great days of friars were over
          • Christopher Harper-Bill
          • But various orders still received substantial bequests on wills of the faithful
      • Nunneries
        • Much less prestige
        • Populated by women unsuitable for marriage
          • Bridgettine foundation at Syon - exception
        • Relatively poor
          • Syone - exception
        • Quality of novices was inadequate
          • Entered convents as last resort
    • Criticisms
      • Lollards
        • Founded by John Wycliffe, late 14th century, found during H7
        • Stressed Bible understanding
          • Favoured English translation
        • Skeptical about transubstantiation and Eucharist principles
          • Catholic church = corrupt
        • Denied priesthood 'special status'
        • Hersey
          • Other forms were rare
          • Burning of heretics - introduced 1401
            • Few were burned
        • Widespread but popularity declined after failed 1414 Lollard uprising
          • Lost members, intellectual coherence and geographically restricted
      • Small minority were anti-clerical
      • Assumed to be widespread
        • Has been challeneged
          • Specific outburst of anticlericalism were rare, they were politically motivated and priesthood candidate numbers showed they retained laity support
    • Humanism
      • Renaissance development
      • Founded on rediscovery of Latin and Greek texts
      • Concerned with establishing reliability of Latin and Greek translations
        • Purify religious texts
          • Christian humanism
      • Broadly intellectual trend
        • Specific learning objectives
      • Catholics - specically believed in free will
      • affected religion, politics and economics

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