Health and Social Care Unit 1 Theories

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  • Health and Social Care  Theories
    • Aging
      • Social Disengagement
        • Older  people will withdraw from social contact and disengage because of reduced health and loss of social oppertunities
        • Put forward by ******* and Henry in 1961
      • The Activity Theory
        • Put forward by Robert Havighurst in the 1960s
        • The more activity older people engage in, the greater the life satisfaction
        • Older adults may deny the existence of old age and fight the aging process
    • Intellectual Development
      • Piaget
        • he believed that children pass through distinct developmental stages in sequence
        • He thought that children should be able to discover things for themselves through spontaneous play
        • Piaget's theory explains how children use experiences to construct their understanding of the world - these are known as schema
        • KEY WORDS: Schema - ideas or concepts children develop.
    • Language Development
      • LAD
        • Language Acquisition Device
      • Chomsky
      • All children have a pre-programmed Language    Acquisition Device installed from birth and they will acquire the ability to talk just like acquiring the ability to walk
      • Children do not need to learn, they can speak when their cognitive ability reaches an extent
    • Emotional Development
      • Bowlby's theory of attachment
        • infants are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments
        • babies have an attachment gene
          • parents also have an attachment gene that drives them to provide care
      • Schaffer and Emmerson's Stages of Attachment
        • Asocial (0-6weeks)
          • babies respond in similar ways to people and objects, although they prefer to look at human like stimuli
        • Diffuse (6weeks-6months)
          • Babies show no preference for a specific individual and will be comforted by anyone
        • Single Strong attachment (7-12 months)
          • babies show a strong preference for a single individual and show fear of strangers
        • Multiple attachments
          • babies will show attachments towards several figures
          • by 18 months some infants may have up to 5 attachments
    • Nature/ Nurture Debate
      • Nuture
        • Bandura's Social learning theory
          • Bandura believed that for social learning to take place, an individual must undergo 4 stages
            • 1. Attention
              • individuals will learn AB if they attend to models behaviour
            • 2. Retention
              • the behaviour must be remembered in order for the individual to apply it
            • 3. Production
              • individuals must be able to reproduced the behavious
            • 4. Motivation
              • individuals will display AB if the expectation for reward is greater than the expectation for punishment
        • nURture = bandURa
      • Nature
        • Gesell's maturation theory
          • Physical and mental growth are determined by hereditry
          • Maturation sequence occurs in a predictable and stable way
          • Growth is genetically determined from birth
          • The sequence of development is universal, the rate at which a child moves through the stages varies tremendously
            • growth is uneven. children grow in spurts
      • Stress Diathesis Model
        • phscological model that shows how stress caused by nature can interact with nurture impacting an individuals  mental wellbeing.
        • Everyone has a diathesis (a biological or genetic pre-disposition to mental illness)
        • The diathesis may never be triggered if the individual doesn't experience stress
          • e.g. family conflict, abuse, trauma or problems at school, etc.

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Really helpful- thank you!

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