Health and Disease
- Created by: 15herbertl
- Created on: 16-01-19 17:05
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- Health and Disease
- Good health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing
- DISEASE
- Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protist
- Viruses: reproduce rapidly causing damage to your cells
- Measles
- Symptoms include fever and red skin rash
- spread by breathing in droplets from sneezes/coughs
- Can be fatal so children vaccinated against it
- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
- Spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
- Flu like illness at first
- If untreated can attack immune system through lymphnodes
- Taking antiviral drugs can delay this happening
- Last stage HIV become AIDS and the immune system can no lonher fight off any infections e.g. cancer
- Measles
- Bacterial diseases can damage cells and produce toxins that damage tissues
- Salmonella
- type of food poisoning cause by bacteria
- bacteria then secrete toxins which cause fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diahoea
- Chicken and eggs contain nit so they are vaccinated against it
- Gonnorrhoea
- sexually transmitted disease cause by bacteria
- symptoms include think yellow/green discharge and pain when urinating
- used to be easily treated but resistant strains have now appeared
- prevented through use of barrier method e.g. condoms
- Salmonella
- Protists and disease
- Protists are single celled organisms that are eukaryotic
- Malaria
- protist uses particular type of mosquito as a vector
- Passed to a person when they are bittten
- causes severe fever which reoccurs and can be fatal
- To prevent by using mosquito nets and killing the mosquitos
- Fungal disease
- Rose black spot
- spread when spores are carried from plant to plant by water/wind
- Purple or black spots develop on leaves which turn yellow and drop early
- Loss of leaves would stunt growth s photosynthesis is reduced
- Can be treated using fungicides and removing/destroying affected leaves.
- Rose black spot
- Viruses: reproduce rapidly causing damage to your cells
- Communicable and non-communicabel
- Communicable - Can be spread between organisms
- Non-communicable - Cannot be spread between organisms
- Can also interact :
- Viruses infecting cells can trigger cancers
- Diseases of the immune reaction meaning people are more likely to get other diseases e.g. HIV and tuberculosis
- Immune reactions triggered by pathogens can cause allergies e.g.asthma
- Being physically ill can lead to depression/mental illness
- Life situations (poor diet, stress) can increase chance of getting certain diseases
- RISK FACTORS!!
- lack of exercise/ smoking/high intake of saturated fat/obesity/excessive alcohol intake/ionising radiation/smoking and drinking during pregnancy.
- Diseases of the Heart
- Coronary heart disease
- Cancer
- Caused by uncontrolled cell division that form messes called tumours/
- Benign tumours do not spread around the body
- Malignant tumours spread in the blodd to different parts of the body and form secondary tumous.
- Lifestyle risk factors include smoking and obesity, there are also genetic risk factors that may run in families
- Caused by uncontrolled cell division that form messes called tumours/
- Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protist
- HUMAN DEFENCES
- Non-specific defences
- Skin - sebaceous gland produces sebum which kills bacteria and fungi
- Glands in stomach walls produce hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria in food
- Enzymes in tears destroy microorganisms
- The nose traps particles that may contains pathogens
- THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- If a pathogen enters the body the immune system tries to destroy it
- White blood cells help to defend against pathogens through PHAGOCYTOSIS, which involves the pathogen being engulfed and digested.
- 1. Microorganisms invade the body
- 2. the white blood cell finds the microorganism and engulfs them
- 3. The white blood cell ingests the microorganism
- 4. the microorganism has been digested and destroyed
- The production of a special protein molecule called ANTIBODIES which attach to the antigen molecules on the pathogen
- 1. Antigens are markers on the surface of the microorganism
- 2. The white blood cell become sensitised to the antigens and produce antibodies
- 3.The antibodies then lock onto the antigens
- 4. This causes the microorganisms to clump together, so that other white blood cells can digest them
- Boosting immuntiy
- If the same pathogens re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quicker and produce antibodies
- When a person has a VACCINATION small quantites of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen are injected into the body which stimulates the WBC to produce antibodies and develop immunity.
- If a large proportion of the population can be made immune to a pathogen then it cannot spread very easily.
- Non-specific defences
- Treating disease
- Antibiotics are medicines used to kill bacteria inside the body but CANNOT DESTROY VIRUSES!
- The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infection
- Bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics are increasing so they should not be prescribed unless really need, for non-serious infections or for viral infections.
- Patient must complete the entire course of antibiotics prescribed so that all the bacteria are killed and none survive to form resistant strains
- Developing new drugs
- constant demand for new drugs
- Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants
- Digitalis from foxglove
- Aspirin from willow
- Penicillin from the Penicillium mould
- New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before used to make sure they are safe and not toxic, is it safe for animals?, is it safe for humans?
- see if it works
- find out the optimum dose
- DOUBLE BLIND TRIALS
- Some patients are given a placebo which does not contain the drug, others are given the drug but neither the patient nor the doctor know who gets what.
- MOMOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
- produced from a single cell that has divided to make clones of itself.
- used to bind to a specific antigen
- A mouse is vaccinated with the target antigen then the antibodies produced from the B cells in the spleen are removed and fused with tumour cellsto from hybridoma cells which are able to divide. Anti-body forming cells are selected and then monoclonal antibodies are collected.
- Can be used for pregnancy tests, in labatories, in research and to treat some diseases such as cancer
- Plant diseases
- Indentifying
- stunted growth
- spots on leaves
- areas of decay(rot)
- growths
- malformed stems or leaves
- discolouration
- the presence of pests
- consulting a gardening manual/website
- taking the infected plants to a lab to identify pathogen
- using testing kit, which contain monoclonal antibodies
- Plants ca suffer from communicable/non-communicable diseases
- They can be infected by a range of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as by insects.
- Tobacco Mosaic Virsus (TMV)
- infects tobacco and tomato plants
- produces distinctive 'mosaic'pattern of discolouration on the leaves, reduces chlorophyll content and affects photosynthesis
- affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis
- Aphids
- small insects (greenfly/blackfly), feed on phloem taking sugars away from the plant
- Deficiency diseases
- stunted growth caused by NITRATE DEFICIENCY, nitrate is needed for photosynthesis
- Chlorosis caused by MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY magnesium ions are needed to make the chlorophyll.
- Plant Defences
- Cellulose cell walls
- tough waxy cuticle on leaves
- layers of dead cells around stems(bark)
- antibacterial chemicals
- poisons to eter herbivores
- mechanical adaptations - thorns hairs; leaves that droop/curl when touched/mimicry to trick animals
- Indentifying
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