Grammar and Syntax (AO1)

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  • Grammar and Syntax (AO1)
    • Lexical words
      • Word classes that are open because we add new words to them
      • Nouns
        • words that name people, places, things or concepts. 
      • Adverbs
        • Words that modify a verb and/or an adjective
      • Verbs
        • Words that describe states or actions
      • Adjectives
        • words that describe or modify a noun.
    • The Structure of Language
      • Morpheme
        • The smallest unit of meaning
      • Word
        • Made up of one or more morphemes
      • Phrase
        • Made up of one or more words
      • Clause
        • A complete grammatical unit which makes sense. Made up of words and phrases.
      • Sentence
        • A complete grammatical unit which stands on its own. Sentences often contain multiple clauses.
      • Discourse
        • Longer than a sentence; relates to a text.
    • Nouns
      • Proper nouns
        • Refer to people, places and things. They are easy to recognise as they have capital letters.
      • Concrete nouns
        • Refer to things we see, touch or experience physically.
      • Abstract nouns
        • Refer to an idea or concept which can only exist in the mind.
    • Verbs
      • Primary verbs
        • be (am, are, is, was, were) have (have, had) and do (do, does). 
      • Main and Auxiliary verbs
      • Modal auxiliary verbs
        • The main ones are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought, must, will and would.  -They convey notions of possibility probability, necessity and obligation.
      • Irregular verbs
        • The primary verbs are all irregular verbs because they change their form when shifting from present to past. All irregular verbs derive from old English. 
      • Regular verbs
        • verbs simply add an inflection (-ed) to create the past tense 
      • Dynamic verbs
        • All verbs are either dynamic or stative and finding a pattern in a text can be revealing. Dynamic verbs describe something happening
      • Stative verbs
        • describes something that exists or is 
      • Active voice
        • A sentence in which the subject is also the agent/actor
      • Passive voice
        • : A sentence in which the subject is not the agent/actor
    • Adjectives
      • modify a noun’s meanings in a noun phrase. They can either be pre-modifying or post-modifying.
      • Gradable adjectives
        • Most adjectives are gradable, meaning you can add suffixes to allow comparisons
    • Adverbs
      • Manner
        • how
      • Time
        • when
      • Place
        • where
      • Frequency
        • how often
      • Degree
        • how much
    • Words and word classes
      • Determiners
        • words determining the number or status of a noun. 
      • Pronouns
        • words we use in place of nouns, often to avoid repeating them 
      • Prepositions
        • words that indicate a place of relationship between one thing and another 
      • Conjunctions
        • Words that join phrases
    • Personal Pronouns
      • First person singular
        • Subject: I Object: me Possessive:mine
      • Second Person singular
        • Subject: you Object: you Possessive:yours
      • Third person singular
        • Subject: He/she/it Object: him/her.it Possessive:his/hers.its
      • First person plural
        • Subject: we Object: us Possessive:ours
      • Second person plural
        • Subject: you Object: you Possessive:yours
      • Third person plural
        • Subject: they Object: them Possessive:theirs
    • Sentence types
      • Simple sentence
        • has one clause and it must have a verb
      • Compound sentence
        • links two or more clauses using conjunctions. There will be more than one actions, both of which have equal importance.
      • Complex sentence
        • •links two or more sentences using conjunctions such as by, because, when and although. The clause connected by one of these words can stand on its own and make sense (the other is a subordinate clause). In a complex sentence, one or more event or thought it expressed, but one is more important than the other.
      • Compound/complex sentence
        • •has at least one subordinate clause, but also a number of coordination conjunctions such as and, or, but.
      • Minor sentence
        • •the clause is incomplete. Writers sometimes use these to create a conversational feel or to surprise the reader.
      • Declarative sentence
        • a sentence that gives a statement/ information, where the subject usually comes in front of the verb 
      • Interrogative sentence
        • a sentence that is a question, where the subject and verb swap 
      • Imperative sentence
        • a sentence that acts as as a command, where the subject is usually left out and the verb is left bare 
      • Exclamatory sentence
        • makes a statement whilst declaring a mood

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