Germany 1918-1945
- Created by: Lewis_Adams
- Created on: 26-11-16 13:15
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- Germany 1918-1945
- Weimar Republic
- Opposition from the left - Spartacist Revolt 1919
- In November 1918, an independent socialist state was created in Bavaria under leadership from Kurt Eisner
- Communists(Spartacists) wanted a revolution like in Russia
- Communist activists led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg siezed power in Berlin and the Baltic Ports
- Within weeks all revolts were crushed by army and Friekorps
- Friedrich Ebert
- Made chancellor after WW1 in November 1918
- Drew up a new democratic constitution in summer of 1919 called Weimar Republic
- New government used proportional representation e.g. 18% votes = 18% seats in Reichstag
- First president of the new constitution
- Opposition from the right - The Kapp Putsch 1920
- German nationalists saw democracy as weak, Weimar Republic was a symbol of Germany's defeat in the war
- Friekorps
- A group of ex-soldiers
- Hated Communists and fought them in the streets
- Friekorps
- Hated Treaty of Versailles
- Wolfgang Kapp was an extreme nationalist who led The Kapp Putsch
- The workers organised strikes, preventing the production of gas, water and oil
- After 4 days, Kapp and supporters gave up and fled
- German nationalists saw democracy as weak, Weimar Republic was a symbol of Germany's defeat in the war
- Invasion of the Ruhr 1922
- According to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to pay all reparation costs
- After Germany failed to meet their payment in 1922, the French invaded the Ruhr
- German workers used passive resistance to try and get rid of the French troops
- Germany's industry came to a halt and hyperinflation began
- Hyperinflation 1922-1923
- After the invasion of the Ruhr , Germany's economy ground to a halt
- November 1923 -> $1 = 4,200,000,000 marks
- Workers had to be paid twice a day in many cases because the cost of food rose every hour
- A new currency was bought in buy Gustav Stresemann called the Rentenmark
- People on fixed incomes suffered very badly
- Opposition from the left - Spartacist Revolt 1919
- Stresemann Period
- Economic Recovery
- Stresemann introduced the Rentenmark in 1923
- Hyperinflation stopped
- Ruhr industry restarted
- Under the Dawes Plan, Germany received loans from US to help pay reparations
- German industry benefited from loans and unemployment fell sharply
- Culture
- German cinema developed in the 1920s, introducing actors such as Marlene Dietrich
- Artists led new movement in the visual arts
- Theatre flourished, introducing world famous writers
- New ideas for furniture and buildings were developed
- The Locarno Treaties 1925
- Germany signed the Locarno Treaties in and the Treaty of Versailles
- Germany joined the League of Nations in 1926
- The effect of the Wall Street Crash 1929
- The Wall Street crash caused disaster for Germany
- The majority of US banks called for their loans to be repaid immidiately
- German businesses closed and millions found themselves unemployed
- Extremist Groups
- In 1924 the Nazis won 14 seats and in 1928 only 12 however Hitler was building a large support
- The Communists were also building support and had 54 seats in the 1928 election
- Even though Germany was recovering from WW1, extreme political groups continued growing
- Economic Recovery
- The Nazis
- Nazi Germany
- When Hitler came to power, Germany changed again
- The new cultures that had developed in Weimar Germany were lost again
- Hitler ignored the Treaty of Versailles and rebuilt the army and introduced conscription
- Children were encouraged to inform on people and were also expected to go to Hitler Youth
- The Gestapo, secret police, used violence to intimidate people and were responsible for getting rid of opponents
- Joseph Goebbles spread Nazi ideas through propaganda
- The Final Solution
- During the final years of the war, Hitler knew that his side was losing
- The Nazis built large camps called concentration camps to imprison their opponents
- New camps were specially built called death camps where the mass killing of Jews occured
- The Rise of the Nazis
- Fear of communism amongst more wealthy people led to the Nazis gaining more votes
- Hitler's SA attacked opposition
- Hitler blamed the government for the Treaty of Versailles. He called them the 'November criminals'
- Hitler was made chancellor in 1933
- Hitler promised the people work and bread which is exactly what they needed
- The Reichstag fire started by a communist was an excuse for Hitler to create the enabling act and to attack communists
- The unemployed blamed the democracy and began looking towards extremist parties
- Hitler joined with the Nationalist Party in 1933 to have majority in the Reichstag
- The Munich Putsch
- Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party attempted to seize control of the Bavarian Government in 1923
- The Nazis first marched on Munich and once taken, they planned to march to Berlin
- Bavarian police shot at the Nazis, killing 16.
- Hitler and Ludendorff were sentenced for high treason but received minor sentences in which time Hitler wrote his book Mine Kampf
- Nazi Germany
- The Treaty of Versailles
- Army
- The German army was limited to 100,000 men
- Conscription was no longer allowed
- The German Army was not allowed an air force
- The German Navy was only allowed 6 warships
- The German Army were not allowed armoured vehicles or submarines
- Reparations
- The Allies forced Germany to pay all reparations
- The exact payment was agreed in 1921 and set at £6.6billion
- Other
- Germany had to accept full responsibility and guilt for the war
- Germany had to accept that they started the war
- The League of Nations was set up however Germany were not allowed to join
- Territory
- Germany lost all of its foreign colonies
- Alsace Lorraine was given to france
- West Prussia and Posen were given to Poland as well as Upper Silesia
- East Prussia was given to Lithuania
- The city of Danzig was run by the League of Nations
- North Schleswig was given to Denmark
- The Rhineland was demilitarised
- Saarland was run by the League of Nations
- Army
- Weimar Republic
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