Geography A-Level - Physical - Seismic Hazards

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  • Created by: Noah_S
  • Created on: 26-05-21 09:22
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  • Seismic Hazards
    • Case Study - Haiti
      • Impacts
        • 316,000 dead, with 1 Million homeless (Social)
        • $8.5 Billion worth in damages, with 1 in 5 jobs lost (Economic)
        • Massive Cholera outbreak, infecting 800,000 (Environment)
      • Pre-Disaster
        • Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake, 10 miles SW of the Capital in 2010
        • Located in the Caribbean, where a destructive margin is located
      • Responses
        • $1.1 Billion raised by charities to provide aid, however 2% of the money was released (Short Term)
        • International aid in the form of Search & Rescue, medical supplies and more (Short Term)
        • 1 Million still displaced after a year in temporary camps and more (Long Term)
        • 98% of debris not cleared after a year (Long Term)
    • Case Study - Japan (2011)
      • Impacts
        • 15,676 deaths, with 452,000 living in evacuation facilities (Social)
        • 1.5 Million households without water & 4.4 Million without electricity (Social + Environment)
        • $300 Billion in damages, with trade disrupted due to destruction of ports and rail links (Economic)
          • 209 companies forced into bankruptcy
        • Tsunami caused the meltdown of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, contaminating the area with radioactive elements (Environment)
          • Generated huge media coverage with the evacuation of 200,000 residences (Social)
      • Pre-Disaster
        • Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake, 129km of Sendai
      • Responces
        • Within 2 days, the Japanese army cleared all debris (Short Term)
        • Electrical supplies + Phone systems damaged, so co-ordination of S&R teams was difficult (Short Term)
        • Re-opening of transport links, like the Shinkansen and Sendai Airport at the end of 2011 (Long Term)
        • Reconstruction Design Council set up to ensure the development of a stronger economy and society (Long Term)
    • General Theory
      • Secondary Hazards
        • Landslides / Avalanches
          • Shaking dislodges rock, soil or snow. It also allows water to infiltrate, adding weight
        • Tsunamis
          • Triggered by underwater earthquakes, where the magnitude is proportional to the size of wave
          • Tsunamis are more powerful the closer land is, and the waves travel very fast, causing high death tolls
        • Soil Liquefaction
          • Shaking of soil saturated with water causes it to act like a liquid
          • The soil deforms and subsides around buildings, causing them to sink
      • Impacts
        • Secondary
          • Damaged gas pipes leads to fires + Lack of clean water leads to disease
          • Damage industrial units can lead chemicals and radioactive isotopes to leak
          • Tsunamis can flood freshwater ecosystems, killing plants and animals
        • Primary
          • Destruction of buildings and infrastructure due to shaking + liquefaction
          • Death caused by collapsing buildings, tsunamis and landslides
      • Distribution
        • Plate Margin
          • Biggest Earthquakes at destructive plate margins, which has a subduction zone
          • Constructive margins have lower magnitude earthquakes compared to others
        • Rate of Movement
          • Plates move at different rates, between 1-15cm per year
          • No clear relationship between Rate of Movement and magnitude
        • Depth of Focus
          • Deep focus earthquakes have a higher magnitude than shallow focus earthquakes
          • Deep focus earthquakes generally do less damage, as the shock waves need to travel further

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