Geography A-Level - Physical - Seismic Hazards
- Created by: Noah_S
- Created on: 26-05-21 09:22
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- Seismic Hazards
- Case Study - Haiti
- Impacts
- 316,000 dead, with 1 Million homeless (Social)
- $8.5 Billion worth in damages, with 1 in 5 jobs lost (Economic)
- Massive Cholera outbreak, infecting 800,000 (Environment)
- Pre-Disaster
- Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake, 10 miles SW of the Capital in 2010
- Located in the Caribbean, where a destructive margin is located
- Responses
- $1.1 Billion raised by charities to provide aid, however 2% of the money was released (Short Term)
- International aid in the form of Search & Rescue, medical supplies and more (Short Term)
- 1 Million still displaced after a year in temporary camps and more (Long Term)
- 98% of debris not cleared after a year (Long Term)
- Impacts
- Case Study - Japan (2011)
- Impacts
- 15,676 deaths, with 452,000 living in evacuation facilities (Social)
- 1.5 Million households without water & 4.4 Million without electricity (Social + Environment)
- $300 Billion in damages, with trade disrupted due to destruction of ports and rail links (Economic)
- 209 companies forced into bankruptcy
- Tsunami caused the meltdown of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, contaminating the area with radioactive elements (Environment)
- Generated huge media coverage with the evacuation of 200,000 residences (Social)
- Pre-Disaster
- Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake, 129km of Sendai
- Responces
- Within 2 days, the Japanese army cleared all debris (Short Term)
- Electrical supplies + Phone systems damaged, so co-ordination of S&R teams was difficult (Short Term)
- Re-opening of transport links, like the Shinkansen and Sendai Airport at the end of 2011 (Long Term)
- Reconstruction Design Council set up to ensure the development of a stronger economy and society (Long Term)
- Impacts
- General Theory
- Secondary Hazards
- Landslides / Avalanches
- Shaking dislodges rock, soil or snow. It also allows water to infiltrate, adding weight
- Tsunamis
- Triggered by underwater earthquakes, where the magnitude is proportional to the size of wave
- Tsunamis are more powerful the closer land is, and the waves travel very fast, causing high death tolls
- Soil Liquefaction
- Shaking of soil saturated with water causes it to act like a liquid
- The soil deforms and subsides around buildings, causing them to sink
- Landslides / Avalanches
- Impacts
- Secondary
- Damaged gas pipes leads to fires + Lack of clean water leads to disease
- Damage industrial units can lead chemicals and radioactive isotopes to leak
- Tsunamis can flood freshwater ecosystems, killing plants and animals
- Primary
- Destruction of buildings and infrastructure due to shaking + liquefaction
- Death caused by collapsing buildings, tsunamis and landslides
- Secondary
- Distribution
- Plate Margin
- Biggest Earthquakes at destructive plate margins, which has a subduction zone
- Constructive margins have lower magnitude earthquakes compared to others
- Rate of Movement
- Plates move at different rates, between 1-15cm per year
- No clear relationship between Rate of Movement and magnitude
- Depth of Focus
- Deep focus earthquakes have a higher magnitude than shallow focus earthquakes
- Deep focus earthquakes generally do less damage, as the shock waves need to travel further
- Plate Margin
- Secondary Hazards
- Case Study - Haiti
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