Human Biology - Genetics
OCR Human Biology Unit 5
- Created by: Freya
- Created on: 28-04-14 14:13
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- Genetic Techniques
- Genetic Engineering
- Restriction Enzymes used to cut up and join together parts of DNA of one organism and insert them into another organism
- Restriction enzymes = Restriction endonucleases
- Some cut to form blunt ends, but sticky ends are most useful
- Sticky ends form hydrogen bonds to complementary base pairs = the two pieces have annealed
- Cut DNA at palindromic sequences = same in both directions
- Some cut to form blunt ends, but sticky ends are most useful
- After being cut broken DNA is repaired using DNA ligases
- Restriction enzymes = Restriction endonucleases
- Genetic engineering = changing the DNA code in a living organism
- Vector = a length of DNA that carries the gene into a host cell
- A bacterial plasmid is often used as a vector
- Marker genes inserted into recombinant DNA
- Makes it easy to find which organisms have been successfully engineered
- When using eukaryotic cells in animals product must be in milk or urine
- AAT - human protein that inhibits protease enzymes like elastin
- Genetically engineered AAT can by produced in sheep and used to treat emphysema
- AAT - human protein that inhibits protease enzymes like elastin
- Restriction Enzymes used to cut up and join together parts of DNA of one organism and insert them into another organism
- DNA profiling
- Gel Electrophoresis
- Form of chromotography
- Used to seperate different pieces of DNA based on their length
- DNA fragments stained with a chemical e.g. azure A
- Form of genetic fingerprinting
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Used to replicate DNA
- High temperature used to seperate DNA molecules into single strands = denaturation
- Involves identifying patterns of genetic material
- Used in forensic science, paternity testing, matching organ donors
- Gel Electrophoresis
- Human genome project
- Project devised to map and sequence the entire human genome
- Fuelled the discovery of more than 1800 diseases
- Now more than 1000 tests for genetic conditions
- Problems raised - should insurance companies be allowed to see results of genetic tests
- Genetic Counselling
- Genetic counsellors work with people concerned about the risk of an inherited disease
- Helps people to understand the nature of a disease and what having it will mean
- Ethics - questions about abortion, counsellors learn a lot of family secrets (e.g. false paternity)
- Genetic Engineering
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