Genetic Technologies - key words/phrases
- Created by: Sophia Dowden
- Created on: 18-06-16 14:09
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- Genetic Technologies - Key words
- Cloning
- A group of genetically identical organisms formed from a single parent as a result of asexual reproduction of artificial means
- Clone
- The copied material, which has the same genetic make-up as the original
- Asexual reproduction
- Involves only one organism and the individuals produced are genetically identical i.e a clone
- Somatic cell
- Any cell in the body other than the two types of reproductive cells, sperm and egg. Two complete sets of chromosomes
- Tissue culture
- Growth of tissues and/or cells separate from the organism. Produces clones, in which all product cells have the same genotype to have cells with the desirable characteristics
- Totipotency
- Cells taken from the growing region of a plant (meristems) have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell
- Stem Cells
- Undifferentiated cells which are capable of dividing to give rise to cells which are specialized
- Totipotent cells
- Stem cells that have total potency, which means that they have the ability to form an entire mature organism
- Multipotent cells
- Stem cell that can only differentiate into a limited number of types
- Therapeutic cloning
- Involves creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell.
- Human-Genome
- All the DNA sequences contained in the chromosomes of an organism
- Carrier screening
- Involves identifying unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two copies for the disease to be expressed e.g. cystic fibrosis
- Pre-symptomatic testing
- For predicting adult-onset disorders such as Huntington's disease
- Gene therapy
- Inserting a normal gene/DNA sequence to replace the defective/faulty gene
- Somatic Cell Therapy
- Target cells in affected tissues - genetic changes are not inherited
- Germ line therapy
- Introduction of corrective genes into germ-line cells, that is, the gene is replaced in the egg and will enable genetic corrections to be inherited
- Carrier molecule
- (vector) must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient's target cells
- Transgenic Organism
- genetically modified organism
- Genetic Engineering
- Involves altering, replacing or transferring genes from one organism to another for some specific purpose
- Restriction enzymes
- Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence into smaller segments
- DNA Ligase
- Joins/anneals sections of DNA together/ splices genes together
- Reverse Transcriptase
- Enzyme which uses RNA as a template for making a DNA molecule. Requires DNA nucleotides and enzymes reverse transcriptases
- Marker gene
- Gene which enables the detection of a bacterium which has taken up a genetically modified plasmid
- Re-combinant DNA technology
- Describes how new combinations of genetic materials are produced by artificially copying a piece of DNA from one organism (the donor) and joining (or recombining) the copy with the circular DNA (plasmid) in a bacterium (the host)
- Sticky ends
- Unpaired bases. Complimentary to each other
- Genetically modified organisms
- An organism that had its genotype altered producing new organism is called a transgenic/gm organism
- Polymerase chain reaction
- Method getting multiple copies of DNA by generating multiple copies using DNA polymerase enzymes under controlled conditions
- Cloning
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