Gender and Identity
- Created by: Tashie7
- Created on: 20-03-16 11:57
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- Gender and Identity
- How men talk
- Direct, blunt, stay on topic, use less face saving techniques, interrupt, swear more, use simple vocabulary.
- How woman talk
- Tag questions, rising inflection, hedge, save face, listen more, use phatic expressions, polite and use empty adjectives.
- Sara Mills 1995.
- Theorises that the male term suggests more positive connotations than the negative one.
- E.g. Bachelor vs. Spinster.
- Suggests that "lady" has undergone semantic deterioration through the term "dinner lady". However, it is seen as the equivalent to a "Lord".
- Many of the female equivalents are marked as sexually promiscuous.
- Theorises that the male term suggests more positive connotations than the negative one.
- Marking
- Lexical items are often marked for females to distinguish from those used to describe males.
- Covert marking- marking that is understood and accepted; slightly hidden. E.g. Lord and Lady.
- Overt Marking- an obvious stating of a norm where the word deviating from the norm is flagged by the addition of a suffix. E.g. Actor/Actress.
- Lexical items are often marked for females to distinguish from those used to describe males.
- Stanley 1997- Negative Semantic Space.
- Theorises that woman are unable to move into the positive space occupied by men due to describing females in marked term and this therefore causes inequality.
- E.g. Lady Doctor.
- Theorises that woman are unable to move into the positive space occupied by men due to describing females in marked term and this therefore causes inequality.
- Generic Terms
- The use of masculine pronouns as generic pronounds when the gender referent is unspecified is no longer acceptable and could be considered as exclusive.
- Trudgill 1974- Norwich Study- Ing.
- Found that across all social classes men tended to use more non-standard pronunciation.
- Men thought they use non standard forms even if they didn't.
- Cheshire- the study of Reading
- Found that in most cases, boys used more non-standard forms than girls do and suggested that boys are members of a much denser social network.
- The Deficit Approach
- The idea that woman's speech is deficient in relation to the male norm
- Lakoff 1975
- Suggested that woman are 'more polite' and have a 'poorer sense of humour' and the specific linguistic features marked the powerlessness of woman arguing woman are socialised intro a subservient role to men.
- Lakoff 1975
- Precice colour terms, tag questions, weak expletive terms, empty adjectives, intensifiers and missing the point in jokes.
- The idea that woman's speech is deficient in relation to the male norm
- The Dominance Approach
- Zimmerman and West 1975 found that 96% of all interruptions were made by men suggesting woman have limited linguistic freedom and that men use power and status to impose explicit constraints.
- Coates 1989 built on Tannen's tendencies and theorised all female talk is cooperative, speakers negotiate discussions and speakers support each others rights.
- Pilkington 1992 found woman aim for more positive politeness strategies.
- Koenraad Kulper 1991 found men pay less regard to the need to save face and use insults as a way of expressing solidarity.
- The Difference Approach
- Men and woman belong to different sub-cultures and preferences.
- This avoids 'blaming men' for being dominant and avoids suggesting woman's speech is inferior.
- Deborah Tannen's tendencies towards conversation
- Men and woman belong to different sub-cultures and preferences.
- Fairclough 2001
- Described the relationship between adverts and the public as synthetic personalisation.
- How men talk
- Lakoff suggested that socialisation ensured female language remained less assertive and more insecure when compared to men.
- The differences are socially constructed rather than biologically based.
- Lakoff 1975
- Suggested that woman are 'more polite' and have a 'poorer sense of humour' and the specific linguistic features marked the powerlessness of woman arguing woman are socialised intro a subservient role to men.
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