Gender
- Created by: Claire2055
- Created on: 03-04-19 10:27
View mindmap
- Gender
- Robin Lakoff's Deficit theory
- Women lack something so they use:
- Empty adjectives (lovely, adorable)
- Direct quotations and intensifiers (so, very, really)
- Apologise more and use more model verbs
- Tag questions
- Special lexicon (baby blue instead of blue)
- Polite forms (Can you, will you)
- Use question intonations in declarative statements (What day is it? Sunday?)
- Fillers and hedges
- Male Language is more prestigious, stronger and more desirable
- Women are brought up to act like 'ladies'
- Women lack something so they use:
- Zimmerman and West's Dominance Theory
- Men have more power than women as men interrupts more
- Mixed gender conversations showed men are more likely to interrupt
- 11 conversations - 46 interuptions by men and 2 interuptions by women
- Geoffrey Beattie disagrees and says it can be only 1 man interrupting many times
- 11 conversations - 46 interuptions by men and 2 interuptions by women
- Deborah Tannen's Difference Theory
- Men vs Women
- Status vs Support
- Advice vs understanding
- Information vs feelings
- Independence vs intimacy
- Orders vs proposals
- Conflict vs compromise
- Report vs Rapport
- Men and women belong to subcultures and preferances
- Avoids blaming men for being dominant and avoid suggesting women are inferior
- Men vs Women
- Janet Holmes
- Tag questions are used to be polite
- Challenges Lakoff
- Men prefer a more competitive style
- Women give more compliments compared to men
- Women prefer a cooperative style
- Men use language to obtain an give information compared to women keeping in touch with others
- Tag questions are used to be polite
- Lesley Milroy
- Density is the number of connections people have
- Open and closed networks
- Closed network means you have good close relationship to everyone and you know them well
- Open means you don't know everyone or are close to everyone
- Jenny Cheshire
- Analysed teen speech in boys and girls
- Boys used more non standard forms than girls
- Identitfies 11 non standard features and measured their frequency in boys and girls
- "me names, has to do, you was, it ain't got no, are you the ones what hit him, you ain't no boss, I come down yesterday"
- Children that approved of criminal activity were more likely to use non standard forms but boys more so
- Supports Trudgill's work
- Analysed teen speech in boys and girls
- Peter Trudgill
- Men tend to under report their use of non standard forms, marking themselves as using it when they didn't
- Across social classes, men tend to use more non standard pronunciation
- in "lower middle class" and the "upper working class" the differences between men's and women's usage of the standard forms were greatest formal speech
- Identifying these classes as most susceptible to the prestige of the RP form, with women leading the way on this front
- Women over report their use of standard forms
- Implies women wish to sound more standard
- 1974 Norwich study looking at how they pronounce the suffix 'ing'
- Differentiated between relaxed and careful speech in order to assess participants awareness of their own accents as well as how they wishes to sound
- Showed the non standard pronunciation quickly declines
- Goddard & Paterson
- Boys' toys are learning design and construction skills: trucks, cars
- Girls' toys are preparing them for domestic role: doll houses, kitchen, babies
- Miller & Swift
- Non parallel treatments
- Women are 'girls' but men are still 'men'
- Women by their relationships to men but not the other way round
- Fixed collocations where the male representative comes first
- "he and she"
- "husband and wife"
- "Men and women"
- Women by appearances: men by achievements
- Non parallel treatments
- Morgan
- Women are spontaneous, cooperative, nurturing
- Men are aggressive, exploitative, rational
- Overt Marking
- Unmarked - original
- Lion, master, waiter, host
- Marked - way it's changed
- Lioness, mistress, waitress, hostess
- Unmarked - original
- Robin Lakoff's Deficit theory
Comments
No comments have yet been made