GCSE P.E Theory mind map
- Created by: GladyGartland
- Created on: 18-03-18 15:55
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- GCSE P.E Theory
- The skeleton
- Key functions
- Production of blood cells
- Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
- Storage of minerals
- Calcium and phosphorus are stored in the bones for strength
- Protects
- Protection of vital organs
- Muscle attachment
- When muscles contract they PULL the bones to cause movement
- Formation of joints for movement
- Movement occurs at the joints
- Production of blood cells
- Classification of bones
- Long bones
- Aid movement by working as leavers
- E.g. Humerus, Femur
- Aid movement by working as leavers
- Short bones
- For weight bearing and provide support
- E.g. Carpals, Tarsals
- For weight bearing and provide support
- Flat bones
- Provide protection and large surface for muscle attachment
- E.g. Cranium, Ribs, Scapula
- Provide protection and large surface for muscle attachment
- Irregular bones
- Provide protection and a place for muscle attachment
- E.g. Vertebrae, Pelvic bones
- Provide protection and a place for muscle attachment
- Long bones
- Muscles
- Antagonistic pairs
- Muscles that work together to provide movement of the joints
- One muscle contracts whilst the other relaxes
- The muscle contracting is the AGONIST
- The muscle relaxing is the ANTAGONIST
- Muscle fibres
- Slow twitch 1
- Low force
- Slow contraction speed
- High endurance
- Not much power
- Fast twitch 2a
- High force
- Moderate contraction speed
- Medium endurance
- Not as powerful as type 2x
- Fast twitch 2x
- Very high force
- Fast contraction speed
- Low endurance
- Short, explosive actions
- Only provides power for short periods of time
- Slow twitch 1
- Antagonistic pairs
- Leavers
- The Leaver is a Bone
- The Fulcrum is a Joint
- The Effort is provided by muscles
- The Load is the object being moved
- Leaver systems
- First class leaver system
- The fulcrum is between the effort and the load
- E.g. extending the arm at the elbow
- The fulcrum is between the effort and the load
- Second class leaver system
- The load is between the effort and the fulcrum
- E.g. Calf raises
- The load is between the effort and the fulcrum
- Third class leaver system
- The effort is between the load and the fulcrum
- E.g. bicep curl
- The most common lever system in the human body
- The effort is between the load and the fulcrum
- First class leaver system
- Key functions
- The cardiovascular system
- Consists of:
- Blood
- Gases, blood cells and nutrients are all transported through the blood
- Blood Vessels
- The structures that carry the blood
- Arteries
- This muscular and elastic wall
- Small diameter
- Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
- Carrys oxygenated blood
- Capilaries
- Very thin walls
- Small diameter
- Links small arteries and small veins
- Allows gaseous exchange
- Veins
- Thin walls
- Contains valves
- Prevent a back flow due to the low pressure
- Large diameter
- Carry blood at lot pressure towards the heart
- Carries deoxygenated blood
- Arteries
- The structures that carry the blood
- The Heart
- Circulates blood around the body
- Blood
- The cardiovascular system regulates body temp.
- When body temp. RISES
- Blood vessels increase in diameter
- So heat can radiate from the skin
- Blood vessels increase in diameter
- When body temp. DROPS
- Blood vessels decrease in diameter
- So less heat is lost by radiation
- Blood vessels decrease in diameter
- When body temp. RISES
- Vascular shunting
- Redistribution of blood flow
- Working muscles need more oxygen
- So blood is diverted away from inactive areas to the working muscles
- Consists of:
- Respiration
- Lung volumes
- Lung volume - How much air they can hold
- Tidal volume - amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
- Vital capacity- the maximum amount of air the lungs can breathe out after the maximum amount they can breathe in
- Gaseous exchange
- Gases move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration
- The alveoli have a High concentration of oxygen, the capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen
- So oxygen diffuses through the thin walls of the alveoli into the capillaries
- The capillaries gain oxygen and transport it around the body
- So oxygen diffuses through the thin walls of the alveoli into the capillaries
- The reverse happens with the movement of carbon dioxide
- Lung volumes
- The skeleton
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