Medicine: Fighting Disease (1800-2000)
- Created by: Mo
- Created on: 02-06-13 16:20
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- Fighting Disease (1800-2000)
- Jenner and Vaccination (1800's)
- Before Jenner.
- Doctors protected people through inoculation
- Inoculation was dangerous, it can kill the person
- Inoculation involved inserting a mild dose of smallpox onto the surface of their skin
- Found out how to vaccinate through observing: Found cowpox.
- Safer than incoulation
- Built on later by Pasteur, who discovered vaccinations.
- It did not kill people, it was very safe on humans,.
- Factors which helped him:
- Chance: Jenner offered Dairy made inoculation, she did not need it due to cowpox -> Inspiration.
- Scientific research: He tested it 23 times to prove it.
- Government: The British government gave him 30,000 pounds to open a vaccination clinic.
- Reasons why people opposed vaccination.
- Scientific reasons: Jenner could not explain how it worked.
- Financial reasons: inoculators were worried about losing their customers to vaccination.
- Religious reasons: Some people thought it would be against god's will to put "animal" into their body.
- Before Jenner.
- Florence NightinGale.
- Before her work: nurses had poor reputations, hospitals were dirty and people often died from infections.
- Nightingale's work in the Crimean War.
- She cut the death rate of British soldiers in hospitals through sanitation and ventilation in hospital wards
- Her work after the Crimean War.
- She set up training schools for nurses
- Changed reputation of nursing, it became a respectable profession
- She also advised governments on how to improve layouts in hospitals
- Factors which helped Nightingale.
- War: She was sent to Crimea, to lower the death rate of soldiers,
- Communication: British papers printed heroic stories of her: Better reputation.
- Religion: She was inspired to work as a nurse by her belief in God.
- Factor's which hindered Nightingale.
- Attitude towards women: Men in the army did not like being told what to do by a woman
- Her parents tried to stop her from becoming a nurse due to their bad reputation the profession had
- Nightingale never fully understood disease and based her idea's on the miasma theory,
- Louis Pasteur.
- Before Pasteur people did not know the true cause of disease or how the vaccine worked.
- Pasteur made a big change with 3 discoveries.
- 1861 ( Germ theory) Proved that germs cause animals disease. Opened the way for other scientists such as Fleming
- The discovery of how vaccination works: While working on chicken cholera he noticed a mild dose of it would vaccinate them.
- 1879
- 1882: Vaccines for Anthrax, rabies and Cholera
- Factors which helped him.
- War: Germany France. Pasteur wanted to give France the advantage on the race to beat germs
- Government:they gave him a team of scientist
- Science and Technology: used more accurate microscopes for germs
- Criticism of Pasteur's work;
- The germ theory was based on animals. Koch discovered the link with humans
- Pasteur was not the first person to discover vaccines
- Pasteur used alot of koch's work on identifying germs
- His discovery of chicken cholera was partly chance
- Robert Koch.
- Before Koch nobody knew the specific germs which caused disease.
- Koch changed this with three discoveries.
- Staining Bacteria with dye: Making it easier to work on them
- Germs caused human diseases: Animals were not the only ones affected
- A method to prove which germs caused specific disease: He did this by injecting germs and repeating the experiment
- Factors which helped him:
- War: between Germany and France, he wanted to give Germany the advantage on the race to beat germs.
- Government:They gave him a team of scientists
- Science And technology: he used improved microscopes
- Individual Brilliance: he repeated an experiment twenty times to prove his idea.
- Criticism to his work was that alot of his idea's were built off Pasteur's discovery
- Alexander Fleming's Work.
- Before Fleming: Early drugs like sulphanomides could only kill one specific illness and had bad side effects
- Discovered Penicillin 1928: He was studying germs and noticed that Penicillin killed germs.
- Factors which helped him:
- Chance: He left some germs in dish where Penicillin got in by accident
- Individual Brilliance: He was a genius.
- Communication: He wrote an article about his discovery in a medical journal which spread his idea's
- Criticisms to his work.
- He was not the first to see Penicilin
- Florey and Chain's work.
- Before: it was impossible to produce enough penicillin to cure internal infections
- They were able to mass product Penicillin (1938-1941)
- The found a way of mass producing by using a freeze-dry technique
- They read Fleming's article
- Factor's which helped them.
- Communication
- Government:American government funded them for five years
- Drug Companies: After 1941 they set up massive factories to mass produce Penicillin,.
- WW2, broke out and they funded them due to how useful it was on soldiers.
- Who Was more important, Florey & Chain or Fleming?
- Fleming: he was the first to write about the power of penicillin which inspired Florey and Chain
- Florey and Chain: Fleming was not able to grow enough penicillium mould, if it was not for them, it would have been impossible to use it on humans
- Jenner and Vaccination (1800's)
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