Explanations for Forgetting: Retrieval Cues
- Created by: zara.mathur
- Created on: 28-11-19 17:57
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- Explanations for Forgetting: Retrieval Cues
- AO1
- We forget because of lack of cues
- Encoding specificity principal
- If a cue is to help us recall information, it has to be present at encoding and at retrieval
- If the cues available at encoding and retrieval are different or absent, then there will be forgetting
- Encoding specificity principal
- Types of cues
- Context-Dependent Forgetting
- Setting or situation in which information is encoded and retrieved
- Examples
- A particular room
- A rainy day
- State-Dependent Forgetting
- Physical or psychological state of the person when information is encoded and retrieved
- Examples
- Happy / Sad
- Drunk / Sober
- Context-Dependent Forgetting
- We forget because of lack of cues
- AO3
- Godden and Baddeley: Context can affect the recall of info
- Got divers to learn a list of words either underwater or on land and then recall the words
- Learn on land: Recall on land
- Learn on land: Recall underwater
- Found that in 2 of the conditions, the environmental contexts of learning and recall matches
- Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions
- Suppports that lack of retrieval cues may be based on context which is caused by forgetting
- Got divers to learn a list of words either underwater or on land and then recall the words
- Baddeley: Diver research lacks ecological validity
- Unlikely we come across such different contexts in real life
- Used a recognition text instead of recall
- Ps said if they recognised a word from a list instead of retrieving it
- When recognition was tested, there was no context-dependent effect
- Presence / absence of cues only affects memory when you test it
- Carter and Cassidy: Research on state-dependent forgetting
- Anti-histamine drugs to ps - had a mild sedative effect (ps slightly drowsy)
- Creates an internal physiological state different from normal state
- Ps learnt list of words then recalled info
- Learn on drug: Recall on drug
- Learn on drug: Recall when not on it
- Found there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall
- Performance on memory test significantly worse
- Useful real-life applications
- Recalling context of memory triggers its recall, therefore knowledge has been used to improve EWT using cognitive interview
- One aspect includes 'context reinstatement' where witness returns to crime scene in their mind and imagines environment
- Produced better recall in witnesses
- Recalling context of memory triggers its recall, therefore knowledge has been used to improve EWT using cognitive interview
- Godden and Baddeley: Context can affect the recall of info
- AO1
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