Exchange and Transport systems
- Created by: Eshe Jones
- Created on: 18-05-19 19:31
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- Exchange and Transport Systems
- Gas Exchange in Fish
- Structure of gills
- Lamella
- tiny structures which cover gill filaments
- increase surface area
- lots of blood capillaries
- decrease diffusion distance
- increase rate of diffusion
- decrease diffusion distance
- thin surface layer of cells
- decrease diffusion distance
- increase rate of diffusion
- decrease diffusion distance
- gill fillaments
- thin plates
- increase surface area
- increase rate of diffusion
- Lamella
- countercurrent system
- blood flows in opposite direction to water
- water with high oxygen concentration flows over blood with a lower oxygen concentration
- steep concentration gradient maintained
- maximises rate of diffusion
- never reaches equilibrium
- steep concentration gradient maintained
- lower concentration of oxygen in water than in air
- water enters through the mouth
- Structure of gills
- Gas Exchange in Plants
- plants need co2 for photosynthesis
- produces O2 as a waste gas
- need O2 for respiration
- mesophyll is the main layer for gas exchange
- large surface area
- increased rate of diffusion
- large surface area
- gases enter through stomata
- can open and close to allow gas exchange
- can close to prevent water loss
- controlled by guard cells
- open more during the day
- sunken pits to trap water vapour
- hairs on epidermis
- trap water vapour
- curled leaves with stomata inside
- protect from windy conditions
- prevents water loss
- waxy cuticle
- prevents water loss
- reduced stomata
- prevents water loss
- plants need co2 for photosynthesis
- Gas exchange in Insects
- gas enters though microscopic pores called spiracles
- spiracles can be closed to prevent water loss
- oxygen travels down the concentration gradient towards cells
- move through trachea
- tracheoles go to individual cells
- thin
- decreases diffusion distance
- permeable walls
- decreases diffusion distance
- thin
- oxygen diffuses directly into respiring cells
- high SA:V ratio
- CO2 diffuses down its own concentration gradient towards spiracles to be released into the atmosphere
- rhythmic abdominal movements moves air in and out of spiracles
- waxy waterproof cuticle to prevent water loss
- hairs cover spiracles
- reduces evaporation
- gas enters though microscopic pores called spiracles
- Gas exchange in humans
- ventilation
- inspiration
- external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
- ribcage moves upwards and outwards
- diaphragm flattens
- thoracic cavity volume increases
- lung pressure decreases to below atmospheric pressure
- air moves down the trachea into the lungs
- active process8
- expiration
- external coastal muscles and diaphragm relax
- ribcage moves downwards and inwards
- diaphragm curves upwards
- thoracic cavity volume decreases
- air pressure increases to above atmospheric pressure
- air forced down pressure gradient out of the lungs
- passive
- forced expiration is active
- inspiration
- air enters through the trachea
- this splits into 2 bronchi
- these branch into bronchioles
- bronchioles end in air sacs called alveoli
- these branch into bronchioles
- this splits into 2 bronchi
- adaptations for efficient gas exchange
- millions of alveoli
- surrounded by network of capillaries
- alveolar epithelium only one cell thick and flattened
- capillary endothelium only one cell thick
- alveoli contain elastin
- helps alveoli recoil
- O2 diffuses out of alveoli into the blood capillaries
- CO2 diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli
- Lung Disease
- Tuberculosis
- caused by bacteria
- immune system walls form around alveoli
- forms tubercles
- small, hard lump
- forms tubercles
- tidal volume decreases
- Fibrosis
- formation of scar tissue in the lungs
- caused by exposure to asbestos or dust
- less elastic
- alveoli can not expand
- tidal volume decreased
- FVC reduced
- asthma
- airways become inflamed
- reduced airflow
- FEV1 decreases
- Emphysema
- smoking or long term exposure to air pollution
- inflammation
- attracts phagoctyes
- phagocytes produce an enzyme which breaks down elastic tissue
- alveoli cannot recoil to expel air
- destruction of alveolar walls
- reduces SA
- tidal volume - volume of air in each breath
- ventilation rate - breaths per minute
- FEV - maximum volume of air breathed out in one second
- FVC - maximum volume of air breathed forcefully out after a really deep breath
- Tuberculosis
- ventilation
- The circulatory system
- blood vessels
- Arteries
- carry blood from the heart to the body
- thick muscular walls and elastic tissue
- allows stretch and recoil as the heart beats
- helps maintain high pressure
- folded endothelim
- increases SA
- allows stretch
- Atrioles
- form networks throughout the body
- directs blood to different areas of demand
- control blood flow via muscle contractions
- Veins
- thinner muscle walls and little elastic tissue because blood is under lower pressure
- take blood back to the heart
- valves to stop blood flowing backwards
- flow helped via muscle contractions
- blood capillaries
- very small
- exchange of substances such as glucose and oxygen
- adapted for efficient diffusion
- walls are one cell thick
- millions
- fenestrations
- Tissue fluid forms in capillary beds
- high hydrostatic pressure at atriolar end of capillary bed
- causes small molecules to move out
- decreases water potential to increase osmotic pressure at the venule end
- causes small molecules to move out
- drained via lymphatic system
- high hydrostatic pressure at atriolar end of capillary bed
- Atrioles
- form networks throughout the body
- directs blood to different areas of demand
- control blood flow via muscle contractions
- Arteries
- The heart
- Structure
- ventricles
- thicker walls than atrium
- can contract more powerfully
- blood pumped around whole body
- can contract more powerfully
- left venticle
- thicker muscular walls than right ventricle
- can contract more powerfully
- blood pumped around whole body
- thicker walls than atrium
- atrioventricular valves
- link atria to ventricles
- stop blood flow back into the atria when ventricles contract
- open/close depending on pressure
- semi lunar valves
- link ventricles t pulmonary artery and aorta
- stops blood flowing back into the heart when ventricles contract
- open/close depending on pressure
- cords
- prevent AV valves from being forced upwards into the atria when ventricles contract
- ventricles
- The cardiac cycle
- ensures blood is flowing continuously around the body
- 1, Ventricles relax, atria contracts
- increases pressure in the chamber
- blood flows from atria to ventricles
- 2. Ventricles contract, atria relax
- higher pressure in the ventricles than atria
- AV valves forced shut
- Semi lunar valves forced open
- blood forced into aorta and pulmonary artery
- 3. Ventricles relax, atria relax
- higher pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta causes semi lunar valves to shut
- blood returns to the atria via the vena cava and pulmonary vein
- higher volume of blood, lower pressure
- cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate
- cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
- stroke volume is the volume of blood pumper by each heartbeat
- heart rate is the number of beats per minute
- Structure
- blood vessels
- Gas Exchange in Fish
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