BY2 - Evolution & Classification
- Created by: beth-marie2511
- Created on: 30-05-16 23:09
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- Evolution & Classification
- Describing the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin
- He recognised species changed over time.
- Put forward the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
- He observed over-production within a population but numbers remained constant, with high death rates and variation within the species.
- Survival of the Fittest
- Those that survive are able to breed and pass on the selective advantage.
- Offspring inherit the advantageous / beneficial genes.
- Competition between a species
- Galapagos Islands - have a common ancestor.
- Some finches had large beaks for crushing nuts or pointed beaks to get insects etc.
- Example of Adaptive Radiation
- The emergence of a new species from a common organism/ancestor introduced into an environment.
- Example of Adaptive Radiation
- Fossil Evidence
- Similarities in DNA between related species - DNA Fingerprinting/ electrophoresis
- Pentadactyl limb - Homologous structures
- Taxonomy & Phylogeny
- Organism classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
- E.G. Phylogenic Tree
- Oldest species is at the base of the tree.
- More recent ones are represented by the ends of the branches.
- Oldest species is at the base of the tree.
- Believed to be between 3 and 30 million species of living organisms on the earth.
- Taxonomists look for differences and similarities between organisms.
- Classification System
- K P Crisps On Fried Gammon Steak
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- 5 Kingdoms
- Prokryote
- Unicellular
- No nucleus
- No internal membrane-based organelles
- Cell wall is meurin, not cellulose
- E.G. Bacteria or Blue-Green Algae
- Protoctista
- Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles
- No tissue differentiation
- Nuclear membrane
- Mainly single cell organisms
- E.G Algae or Slime moulds
- Plantae
- Multi-cellular eukaryotes
- Photosynthetic
- Cellulose cell wall
- Autotrophic
- Produce their own organic material.
- Fungi
- Heterotrophic eukaryotes
- Rigid cell wall of chitin
- Reproduce by spores
- Spores are clones because they are reproduced asexually
- Animalia
- Heterotrophic multi-cellular eukaryotes
- No cell wall
- Nervous coordination
- Brain
- Nerve net
- Membrane bound organelles
- Prokryote
- Phylum
- Animal kingdom is split in major phyla and several smaller ones.
- A genus is a group of closely related species and the binomial system includes both a genus and species name.
- E.G. Grizzly Bear
- Kingdom = Animalia
- Phylum = Chordata
- Class = Mammalia
- Order = Carnivora
- Family = Ursidae
- Genus = Ursus
- Species = Ursus arctos
- Genus = Ursus
- Family = Ursidae
- Order = Carnivora
- Class = Mammalia
- Phylum = Chordata
- Kingdom = Animalia
- E.G. Grizzly Bear
- Binomial Nomenclature Systsem
- System of naming
- Generic names and a specific name (lower case)
- Annelids
- Earthworm
- Leech
- Lugworm
- Hydrostatic (liquid) skeleton
- Fluid-filled body cavity
- Segmented worms with a closed circulatory system
- Specialised segments for different functions
- Reproduction
- Digestion
- Thin permeable skin for gas exchange
- Arthropods
- Largest phylum
- Insects
- Locust
- 6 legs
- Crustaceans
- Lobster
- Crab
- Arachnids
- Spiders
- Scorpions
- Myriapods
- Millipedes
- Centipedes
- Jointed legs
- Exoskeleton
- Limits growth
- Protects organs
- Support
- Limits growth
- Two pairs of wings (insects)
- Chordates
- Vertebrates
- Vertebral column or backbone
- Internal skeleton
- Developed Central Nervous System enclosed in a cranium.
- Fish
- Scales
- Live in water
- External fertilisation
- Gills
- Amphibians
- Simple lungs
- Soft moist skin
- Live on land but water is needed for life cycle
- Reptiles
- Dry scaly skin
- Lungs
- Lay eggs with leathery shells
- Land based
- Birds
- Lungs
- Feathers
- Forelimbs modified for flight
- Eggs with hard shells
- Endothermic
- Mammals
- Endothermic (warm blooded)
- Maintains an internal body temperature
- Lungs
- Hair
- Internal gestation
- Mammary / sweat glands
- Double circulation
- Endothermic (warm blooded)
- Vertebrates
- Describing the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin
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