Ethics
- Created by: ann_bennett
- Created on: 30-01-18 20:54
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- ETHICS
- Deontological
- Kant Deontology
- I. Kant
- Duty
- To act morally is to do one's duty
- OUGHT = CAN
- Summum Bonum
- Humans seek an ultimate end called the supreme good
- Morality led to God
- A-Priori Synthentic
- Reason NOT sense experience
- Categorical Imperatives always apply
- Universal Law = Act only according to the maxim which can become UNIVERSAL
- Treat humans as ends in themselves
- Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends
- Humans are free to make rational choices
- Prohibits acts that are considered immoral
- Gives humans intrinsic worth - which cannot be sacrificed for the majority
- Cannot resolve conflicting duties
- Universal Law, generalizes different but similar moral dilemmas
- Kant Deontology
- Absolutist
- Natural Moral Law
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- The intention and the act are important
- Acting in a GOOD WAY for the WRONG REASON = GOOD EXTERIOR ACT, but a BAD INTERIOR ACT
- The intention and the act are important
- Ethicacy of actions
- To assist humans and direct them to a supernatural end in a higher way
- Good is done and pursued and evil is avoided
- Uses reason
- Primary Precepts: Self Preservation - Continuation of the Species - Educate Children - Live in Society - Worship God
- Secondary Precepts: Do not Murder - Do not Abort - Defend the Defenceless - Do not commit Suicide
- Gives guidance on day-to-day questions of how to live and links them to fundamental principles
- Bad things and acts that humans pursue are APPARENT GOODS, when they believe falsely that they are good
- Establishes common rules to structure communities
- M\any cultures exhibit these principles - making it seem reasonable
- Gives guidance on day-to-day questions of how to live and links them to fundamental principles
- Dispute of the presence of a common natural law
- Humans have changeable natures
- A Christian ethic and yet Jesus' was opposed to legalistic morality
- The natural is that which everywhere is equally valid
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- Natural Moral Law
- Teleological
- Utilitarianism
- J. Bentham
- Human beings are motivated by pleasure and pain
- Humans pursue pleasure
- The Hedonic Calculus = the weighing up of pain and pleasure. BASED on 7 FACTORS
- Humans seek to avoid pain
- Utility Principle = the rightness and wrongness of an action is determined by its usefulness
- Usefulness refers to the amount of pleasure caused by the action
- J S. Mill
- The well-being of the individual is of the greatest importance
- Happiness is gained when individuals are free to pursue their own ends
- Qualitative Pleasures = higher (mind) and lower (body) pleasures
- The well-being of the individual is of the greatest importance
- Act Utility = the good action is the one that leads to the greatest good
- Flexible
- Takes into account individual situations
- Can justify virtually any act
- Impractical to measure each moral choice
- Rule Utility = the best overall rule that when pursued by the whole community leads to the greatest result
- Overcomes some of the difficulties made by Act Utility
- Minorities interests are not protected
- Reasonable to link morality to happiness
- Reasonable to assume humans avoid pain
- Natural to consider the consequences of our actions
- Offers democratic morality
- Difficult to quantify pleasures
- Pain can be good
- What is happiness - SUBJECTIVE
- Relies on knowledge of consequences but predictions of the outcome can be a mistake
- J. Bentham
- Utilitarianism
- Relativist
- Situation Ethics
- J. Fletcher
- The situationist follows a moral law OR violates it according to love's need
- Conscience = weighing up the possible action before it's taken
- Bultmann
- "Love thy neighbour as thy self", is the ultimate duty
- Moral decisions are guided by what best serves love
- Six Fundamental Principles
- 4th - Love wills the neighbour's good
- 3rd - Love and justice are the same
- 5th - The end justifies the means
- 2nd - Ruling norm is love
- 6th - Desicions are made situationaly
- 1st - Love is intrinsically good
- Prepares to set aside the rules for the most loving outcome
- Four Working Principles
- Positivism = giving first place to Christian love
- Relativism = avoids words like "never"
- Personalism = puts people first
- Pragmatism = which is a practical posture
- Tillich
- The law of love is the ultimate law because it is the negation of law
- Flexible and Practical
- An alternative Christian ethic that is not legalistic
- Subjective
- Individualistic
- A loving end could justify actions that many people regard as simply wrong
- J. Fletcher
- Utilitarianism
- J. Bentham
- Human beings are motivated by pleasure and pain
- Humans pursue pleasure
- The Hedonic Calculus = the weighing up of pain and pleasure. BASED on 7 FACTORS
- Humans seek to avoid pain
- Utility Principle = the rightness and wrongness of an action is determined by its usefulness
- Usefulness refers to the amount of pleasure caused by the action
- J S. Mill
- The well-being of the individual is of the greatest importance
- Happiness is gained when individuals are free to pursue their own ends
- Qualitative Pleasures = higher (mind) and lower (body) pleasures
- The well-being of the individual is of the greatest importance
- Act Utility = the good action is the one that leads to the greatest good
- Flexible
- Takes into account individual situations
- Can justify virtually any act
- Impractical to measure each moral choice
- Rule Utility = the best overall rule that when pursued by the whole community leads to the greatest result
- Overcomes some of the difficulties made by Act Utility
- Minorities interests are not protected
- Reasonable to link morality to happiness
- Reasonable to assume humans avoid pain
- Natural to consider the consequences of our actions
- Offers democratic morality
- Difficult to quantify pleasures
- Pain can be good
- What is happiness - SUBJECTIVE
- Relies on knowledge of consequences but predictions of the outcome can be a mistake
- J. Bentham
- Virtue Theory
- A. MacIntyre
- Modern ethics had lost sight of its roots
- Anscombe
- Modern moral philosophy was mis-guided
- To achieve that end we must practice - practicing improves our skills
- How you can be a better person
- Defines good people and the qualities that make them good
- To judge a man is to judge his actions
- Suggests a way of estimating character and a way in which we can become a better person
- Agent-centered
- Encompasses all aspects of life
- Looks at the fundamental issue of what it means to be human
- Focuses on the person rather than the consequences
- Defining the virtues is far from the clear
- Whenever we do something - we did it to gain an end - the ultimate end was the greatest good
- A. MacIntyre
- Situation Ethics
- Deontological
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