Enzymes
- Created by: boy_repellent
- Created on: 10-04-14 16:25
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- Enzymes
- Proteins, catalysts and enzymes
- protein molecules are made of long chains or amino acids
- the shape of a protein depends on it's function
- proteins can be: structural components of tissues (muscles etc), hormones, antibodies, catalysts
- Their shape has an area where other molecules can fit- the 'active site'
- The substrate in a reaction can be held in the 'active site' and can either be connected to another molecule or be broken down
- the shape of a protein depends on it's function
- chemical reactions are controlled by enzymes
- enzymes are biological catalysts- they speed up reactions
- enzymes can: build large molecules from many smaller molecules or change one molecule into another eg. all the digestive enzymes do this
- enzymes are biological catalysts- they speed up reactions
- protein molecules are made of long chains or amino acids
- Factors affecting enzyme action
- reactions take place faster when it is warmer
- at higher temp molecules move around quicker therefore collide more often
- although if the temp is too high the enzyme will stop working (denatured) because the 'active site' changes shape
- some enzymes work better depending on the pH value
- some work best in acid conditions (stomach etc), whereas others need neutral or alkaline conditions
- if the pH is too acidic or alkaline then the 'active site' could change shape (become denatured)
- reactions take place faster when it is warmer
- Enzymes in digestion
- amylase (a carbohydrase)- produced by salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine. it catalyses the digestion of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine
- amylase and lipase work best in slightly alkaline conditions
- Protease- produced by the stomach, pancreas and small intestine. it catalyses the break down of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine
- works best in acid conditions, glands in the stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid to create acidic condtions
- Lipases- produced by pancreas and small intestine. catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) to fatty acids and glycerol
- amylase and lipase work best in slightly alkaline conditions
- amylase (a carbohydrase)- produced by salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine. it catalyses the digestion of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine
- Making use of enzymes
- biological detergents- contain protease and lipases that digest food stains (they work at low temps)
- Baby foods- proteases are used to pre-digest proteins
- Isomerase- used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup (stops foods being as fatty)
- Carbohydrase- used to convert starch into sugar syrups for use in foods
- In industry enzymes are used to bring about reactions at normal temp
- High-tech enzymes
- Advantages of using enzymes:
- effective at removing stains
- means biological washing powders can be used at low temps, reducing energy and cost
- used in medicine to diagnose, control or even cure diseases
- in industry it can reduce costs of energy and equipment
- effective at removing stains
- Disadvantages of using enzymes:
- misusing washing powder could cause allergic reactions
- could enter waterways via sewage system
- industrial enzymes can be expensive to produce
- Enzymes denature at high temps
- some fabrics (wool) will be digested by proteases
- Advantages of using enzymes:
- Proteins, catalysts and enzymes
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