Enzymes
- Created by: Laurenskye
- Created on: 29-03-16 12:26
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- Enzymes
- Chemical reactions are controlled by proteins called enzymes.
- Proteins
- Enzymes are biological catalysts.
- Enzymes can: 1.Build large molecules from smaller ones. 2.Change one molecule to another one. 3.Break down large molecules into smaller ones.
- Enzymes in digestion
- Amylase
- Produced by the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.
- Amylase catalyses the digestion of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
- Lipase
- Produced by the pancreas and small intestine.
- Lipase catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
- Protease
- Produced by the stomach, small intestine and pancreas.
- Protease catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
- Protease works best in acidic conditions in the stomach.
- Glands in the stomach wall produce hydracloric acid to create these conditions.
- Speeding up digestion
- Protease works best in acidic conditions in the stomach.
- Glands in the stomach wall produce hydracloric acid to create these conditions.
- Amylase and lipase work best in the small intestine where conditions are more alkaline.
- Amylase
- Produced by the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.
- Amylase catalyses the digestion of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
- Lipase
- Produced by the pancreas and small intestine.
- Lipase catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
- Amylase
- The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder.
- The alkaline bile is squirted into the small intestine and neutralises the stomach acid.
- Protease works best in acidic conditions in the stomach.
- Amylase
- Factors affecting enzymes
- Reactions are faster when the temperature increases.
- At higher temperatures the molecules move around quicker and so collide with each other more often.
- If the temp gets too hot then the enzyme denatures; meaning that the active site has changed shape.
- Each enzyme works best with a particular pH value.
- If the pH is too acidic or alkaline then the active site will change therefore the enzyme will denature.
- Reactions are faster when the temperature increases.
- Use of enzymes
- Biological detergents contain proteases and lipases that digest food and also work at lower temperatures.
- Proteases are used to pre-digest proteins in some baby foods.
- In industry, enzymes are used to bring out reactions at normal temperatures and pressures. Traditional reaction use expensive equipment to get high temps and pressures.
- Chemical reactions are controlled by proteins called enzymes.
- Protein molecules are made up of long chains of amino acids.
- The long chains are folded to produce specific shapes
- The shape of a protein depends on its function.
- Proteins can be: 1.Catalysts 2.Antibodies 3.Hormones 4.Structural components of tissues
- The shape of a protein depends on its function.
- Proteins
- The long chains are folded to produce specific shapes
- Factors affecting enzymes
- Reactions are faster when the temperature increases.
- At higher temperatures the molecules move around quicker and so collide with each other more often.
- If the temp gets too hot then the enzyme denatures; meaning that the active site has changed shape.
- Each enzyme works best with a particular pH value.
- If the pH is too acidic or alkaline then the active site will change therefore the enzyme will denature.
- Reactions are faster when the temperature increases.
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