Energy AS
- Created by: Olliejh98
- Created on: 03-04-17 11:56
View mindmap
- Energy AS
- Energy mix
- Domestic sources of primary energy e.g. China's reliance on coal
- Energy security- diversification prevents over reliance e.g. oil in Middle East
- Development- MEDCs reliant on primary resources e.g. Sweden 38% nuclear whereas LEDCs use traditional biofuels e.g. India 37% combustible waste
- Environment-rich countries attempted to reduce GHG emissions (less coal more natural gas and renewables etc)
- Global patterns of consumption
- Coal (120yrs)
- All continents have substantial reserves, domestic use e.g. China, USA and India
- Less than 1/4 traded e.g. Australia cheap open cast mining
- Oil (40yrs)
- Most used, 57% reserves in Middle East, 70% of production Middle East, OECD and Russia
- 1/2 traded due to low cost, USA and China rely on imports to meet demand
- Natural gas (50yrs)
- Most increasing use (x3), Russia (major exporter) has 38%, Middle East 35% reserves
- 1/4 traded due to complex and expensive transport LNG/pipelines
- Coal (120yrs)
- Geopolitics
- Cartels
- OPEC (major oil exporters) has 13 members who hold 80% of reserves, control oil prices
- Conflict
- Political instability in Middle East e.g. Arab-Israeli conflict, Iraq war threaten production and cause a spike in oil prices
- International hostility e.g. Russian Gazprom cut off Ukraine in 2009 and EU natural gas shortages resulted
- TNCs
- 6 of the largest 10 companies are oil based, exert huge influence over govts. e.g. drilling in Alaska and denial of climate change in USA
- Cartels
- Environmental impact
- Fuel wood
- Developing world e.g. Sahel- Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso
- Deforestation, soil erosion/desertification, global warming (combustion releases carbon and less trees store less carbon)
- Nuclear
- Uranium reserves in Canada, Australia, Namibia, used in countries like France and Japan who have limited fossil fuels
- Estimated reserves could last 250 yrs, no GHGs or SO2, could close energy gap of countries like UK
- Accidents e.g. Chernobyl 1986, Fukushima 2011, toxic radioactive materials may enter food chains, no secure repository, potential terrorist targets
- Fossil fuels
- Acid rain, Industry-sulphur dioxide, car exhausts- nitrogen dioxide, livestock and fertilisers- ammonia, tackled in the EU, on the rise globally (Chinese coal)
- Fuel wood
- Sustainability
- Renewables
- HEP- most popular, carbon free, high efficiency BUT flooding, habitats and settlement damage
- Wind- fastest growing in UK BUT requires vast land, eyesore, bird mortality
- Solar- huge potential BUT doesn't correspond with population density
- Wave- sustainable (consistent) and carbon-free BUT technology needs developing
- Biomass fuels- sustainable waste (small scale) BUT not carbon neutral
- Tidal- huge potential BUT expensive, destroys marine habitats
- Conservation
- Homes and workplaces- domestic demand 1/3 of energy use in UK, building regulations e.g. insulation, cash incentives for electricty generation
- Domestic transport- over 1/4 of energy use in UK, ecofriendly cars e.g. Prius hybrid, stop/start clutch, cycling schemes encouraged
- Renewables
- Energy mix
Comments
No comments have yet been made