Criminology

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  • Created by: Eamon
  • Created on: 08-06-17 11:01
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  • Effects of Overcrowding
    • Introduction
      • MoJ 2017
        • 80/117 were overcrowded
        • 75% Overcrowded HMP Leeds
      • Results In:
        • Lack of education & Vocational = increased time locked up
        • Increase tensions between prisoners = Increase victimisation
        • Increased use of HC and MHC resources
      • However
        • Caused by government cuts
    • Isolation and Lack of Education and Vocational Opportunities
      • Liebling 1992
        • Provide prisoners with time out of their cells
        • Without = Increased Isolation, Boredom, Hopelessnes as prisoners reflect on negative thoughts
      • Yang et al 2009
        • 59 Prisoners
          • Provided time out of their cells and social contact
      • Taylor 2004
        • 81% participation to occupy time and prevent monotony
          • 61% helped with prison stress
            • 40% prevented reflection on negative thoughts
      • Offender Learning & Skills Unit 2014
        • Decline of re-offending by 50%
          • Only 1/3 have access
            • HMP Itchworth prisoner kitchen staff had to stop NVQs because needed to make more food
      • Dye 2010
        • More Prisoners = more prisoner escort = lack of staff to supervise classes = spend time in cells
      • Coats Review 2016
        • 16% left with access to education
      • HMIOP 2016
        • 51 men - 30% had access to physical exercise 3x a week
          • 10/34 had enough courses for all prisoners
      • Birmingham 2003
        • Prisoners locked up 20-23 hours a day
      • Silvestri 2013
        • 25% of 1 category B were locked up all day
    • Bullying & Victimisation due to Cramped Conditions
      • Silvestri 2013
        • Increase in sharing cells designed for one/two
          • Decrease in personal space
        • 19.140 prisoners in one cell sharing
        • 777 shared cells with 3 designed to 2
      • Esther 2017
        • Decrease in personal & mixed with decrease in opportunities = more violence
      • Jewkes 2005
        • Got to act  tough and macho to protect personal safety
          • Gang affiliation protects personal safety = place on social hierarchy
      • Fenton 2016 (2010-2015)
        • Sexual Assaults - 137 rose to 257 incidents
        • Injuries from wee and poo - 20 to 180
      • Smith 2017
        • HMP Letchworth - 'fight club' - Prisoner had glue poured down his throat
      • MoJ (2017)
        • 17,782 prisoner attacks
    • Impact on MH care and HC services
      • Ireland & Qualter 2008
        • Increased victimisation cause more health problems
        • Increase in fear and anxiety = MH issues
      • Griffin 2010
        • Lack of opportunies = Increased isolation and reflection on negative thoughts = increased MH issues
      • MoJ 2017
        • Suicide rate 106 (highest ever) SH 24,648
      • Forrester 2013
        • 500 case loads
          • SCFMH 2007
            • Requires 11 specialist staff
      • HMIOP 2007
        • 84 HC
          • 85% didn't have enough staff
          • 14% felt they had enough resources to treat
      • Peay 2002
        • Prison has access to 2000 NHS psychiatric beds - Need 5000
      • HLFPR 2015
        • Lack of escorts = missed education and medical courses
          • Decrease ability for prison staff to identify high risk individuals
      • Silvestri 2013
        • Prisoners are forced to eat in their room
        • Prisoners failed to receive 1 hour of exercise as no staff to ensure security
        • 25% prisoners in 1 category B prison had access to physical exercise 3 times a week
    • HOWEVER - IT IS THE GOVERNMENTS FAULT
      • Allison and Sloan 2015
        • 1% prisoners have access to education
          • Prisoners aged 24+ no longer has access to free GCSEs and have to apply for loans
      • Evans & Willgess 2016
        • HMP Birmingham riot blamed on lack of prison officers
        • Willoughby 2017
          • Prison officers have admitted they've lost control of prisons
      • HLFPR 2015
        • Prisons had 40 less staff and 18 prisons have been shut - closed so lost 6,500 places

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