effect of exercise on the body
- Created by: a.lambert
- Created on: 03-12-19 18:23
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- immediate effects of exercise on Human body
- Heart rate increase
- adrenaline released from the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
- Anticipatory response
- it is caused by the release of neurotransmitters called adrenaline and noradrenaline
- The heart rate increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau or the maximum heart rate is reached
- it is caused by the release of neurotransmitters called adrenaline and noradrenaline
- Caused by the secretion of adrenaline, resulting in arterioles under the skin receiving more blood to enable the body to loose heat by radiation. evaporation of sweat cools the body
- Anticipatory response
- adrenaline released from the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
- Vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscles
- Signalled by the secretion of nitric oxide by the arteriolar endothelium in response to fall in oxygen levels
- Vasodilation of arterioles supplying the surface of the skin
- Caused by the secretion of adrenaline, resulting in arterioles under the skin receiving more blood to enable the body to loose heat by radiation. evaporation of sweat cools the body
- Increase in blood flow to active muscles
- caused by the dilation of arterioles supplying oxygenated blood to active muscles
- Vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscles
- Signalled by the secretion of nitric oxide by the arteriolar endothelium in response to fall in oxygen levels
- Vasodilation of arterioles supplying the surface of the skin
- Vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscles
- caused by the dilation of arterioles supplying oxygenated blood to active muscles
- increase in stroke volume
- Caused by more blood returning to the left atrium (the larger volume of blood filling the ventricle in diastole the greater volume of blood pumped out during systole)
- Reduced blood flow to the digestive system
- Blood diverted to active skeletal muscles
- at rest 15% of blood goes to skeletal muscles
- during vigorous exercise this increases to 80% of cardiac output
- at rest 15% of blood goes to skeletal muscles
- Blood diverted to active skeletal muscles
- Increased breathing rate and depth of breathing
- increase in ventilation brings more air into alveoli
- this increases the concentration gradient, meaning more oxygen will diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out
- increase in the acidity of id detected by chemoreceptors
- inpulse sent to the respiritory center in the medulla of the brain
- the response is an increase in the rate and extent of the contractions of the diaphragm
- inpulse sent to the respiritory center in the medulla of the brain
- increase in the acidity of id detected by chemoreceptors
- this increases the concentration gradient, meaning more oxygen will diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out
- increase in ventilation brings more air into alveoli
- Heart rate increase
- Long term effects of exercise
- in the circulatory system
- Increaced VO2 max
- the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken in and used across the body
- Increased heart size
- the mass and volume increase, cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy, particularly in the left ventricle.
- decreased resting heart rate
- resting heart rate will decrease significantly elite athletes can have a resting heart rate in the low thirties
- Increased stroke volume
- average stroke volume is around 50-90cm3 /beat
- in elite endurance athletes it averages around 90-110 cm3 /beat
- average stroke volume is around 50-90cm3 /beat
- Decreased heart rate recovery time
- after a period of training the time it takes for the heart rate to recover to its resting value
- increased number of red blood cells
- Increaced VO2 max
- in the respiratory system
- Increased maximum breathing rates
- increased tidal volume
- this is to maintain a large concentration gradient to ensure an increase in the rate of oxygen supplied
- Athletes generally have a lower tidal volume as there gas exchange surface is more effective
- this is to maintain a large concentration gradient to ensure an increase in the rate of oxygen supplied
- increased vital capacity
- development of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm results in a larger achievable vital capacity
- increased density if capillaries in the lungs
- This gives and increased effective gas exchange surface. Hence more oxygen is able to diffuse into the blood in a given period of time this means ventilation rate
- skeletal system
- increase in cross-sectional area of slow twitch muscle fibres
- number of muscle fibres increases
- increase in number and size of mitochondria in muscle fibres
- increase in number of mitochondria in muscle
- increase efficiency in lipid metabolism in muscle fibres
- increased myoglobin and glycogen stores
- increased vascularisation of muscles
- increase in cross-sectional area of slow twitch muscle fibres
- in the circulatory system
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