Educational policy and inequality: a summary
- Created by: Azia Singh
- Created on: 24-04-16 16:07
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- Educational policy and inequality
- Before 1988
- 1880: the state made schooling compulsory for 5-13 y/o
- 1944 Education Act: tripartite system (grammar, 2ndary modern and technical) and the 11+ exam
- 1965 onwards: the comprehensive system was introduced in many areas
- Julienne Ford (1969) found there to still be little social mixing between W/C and M/C pupils, largely because of streaming
- Marketisation
- Miriam David (1993): marketised education is parentocracy
- Will Bartlett (1993): exam league tables encourage cream-skimming and silt-shifting
- Stephen Ball (1994) and Geoff Whitty (1998): marketisation policies reproduce class inequalities by creating inequalities between schools
- 1988 Education Act introduced: Key Stages, Local Management of Schools, the National Curriculum
- New Labour introduced: Education Action Zones, Aim Higher, EMA's and the National Literacy Strategy
- Melissa Benn (2012): contradiction between Labour's policies to tackle inequality and its commitment to marketisation
- Sharon Gerwitz (1995) identifies 3 types of parents: privileged-skilled choosers, disconnected-local choosers, and semi-skilled choosers
- The Institute for Public Policy Research (2012) found: competition-oriented education systems produce more segregation between children of different social backgrounds
- Coalition government policies
- From 2010, schools were encouraged to become academies
- By 2012, over half of high schools had converted to academy status
- In 2016 the Conservative government announced that all schools would become academies by 2020
- By 2012, over half of high schools had converted to academy status
- Ball (2011): promoting academies and free schools has led to both increased fragmentation and increased centralisation of control over educational provision in England
- From 2010, schools were encouraged to become academies
- The privatisation of education
- Ball (2007): companies involved in public-private partnerships make up to 10x as much profit as they do on other contracts
- Buckingham and Scanlon (2005): the UK's 4 leading educational software companie are all owned by global multi-nationals
- Allyson Pollack (2004): directors of local authorities and head teachers leaving to work in private sector education allow companies to buy 'insider knowledge' to help win contracts
- Stuart Hall (2011): coalition government policies are part of the 'long march of the neoliberal revolution'. Academies are an example of handing over public services to private capitalists
- Molnar (2005): schools are targeted by private companies because 'schools by their nature carry enormous goodwill and can thus confer legitimacy on anything associated with them'
- Before 1988
- Rebecca Allen (2010): research from Sweden, where 20% of schools are free schools, shows that they only benefit children from highly educated families
- In England, evidence shows that free schools take fewer disadvantaged pupils than nearby schools
- Coalition government policies
- From 2010, schools were encouraged to become academies
- By 2012, over half of high schools had converted to academy status
- In 2016 the Conservative government announced that all schools would become academies by 2020
- By 2012, over half of high schools had converted to academy status
- Ball (2011): promoting academies and free schools has led to both increased fragmentation and increased centralisation of control over educational provision in England
- From 2010, schools were encouraged to become academies
- Introduced FSM's for all children in Key Stage 1, and the Pupil Premium
- Ofsted (2012) found: in many cases the PP is not spent on those that it is supposed to help. Only 1/10 heads said that it had significantly changed how they supported those pupils
- Spending on school building cut by 60%, many Sure Start centres closed, EMA abolished and university tuition fees tripled to £9 000 a year
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