Ecosystems part two
- Created by: Andrei stephen
- Created on: 27-01-15 20:30
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- Ecosystems part two
- energy transfer in ecosystems
- the feeding relationship in any ecosystem are often times more complex with many organisms feeding of many other organisms through several trophic levels
- as such we often show these relations through a food web
- how energy is transferred
- energy transfer in ecosystems
- the feeding relationship in any ecosystem are often times more complex with many organisms feeding of many other organisms through several trophic levels
- as such we often show these relations through a food web
- how energy is transferred
- Their is often a loss of energy as you work your way up the trophic levels
- there is energy lost the through the life process that the prey undergoes
- their is also alot of energy that is stroed in parts of animals that the predators cannot digest this ergy is available for decomposers such as fungi and bacteria
- due to this decrease in energy as you go up the trophic levels the less predators you get
- this is often demonstrated by pyramids of numbers that look at the number of organisms at each trophic level
- Their is often a loss of energy as you work your way up the trophic levels
- how energy is transferred
- as such we often show these relations through a food web
- measuring the efficiency of energy transfer
- pyramids of biomass
- this gives a greater measure of how the relationships in an ecosystem work and how energy transferred from organism to organism
- this is worked out by taking the wet mass of an animal then working out the dry mass from previously recorded data
- this way is less destructive to the ecosystem
- pyramids of energy
- this is used to work out the actual amount of energy that is passed on from organism to organism
- to do this you take an dead animal and burn it measuring how much energy is released using a calorimeter
- this is often highly destructive to an ecosystem and takes a lot of time so most revert to using pyramids of biomass
- productivity
- the pyramids of energy and biomass both have limitations
- biomass limitations
- different species may release different amount of ergys
- biomass limitations
- this looks at the rate at which energy passes through each trophic level
- it is a measure of the energy flow through the trophic levels
- the base of this pyramid is alway the primary producer
- the gross primary productivity is the rate at which plants convert light into chemical energy
- however energy is lots when the plants respire the difference between the amount of energy made and the amount of energy respired
- is called the net primary productivity
- however energy is lots when the plants respire the difference between the amount of energy made and the amount of energy respired
- the gross primary productivity is the rate at which plants convert light into chemical energy
- the base of this pyramid is alway the primary producer
- the pyramids of energy and biomass both have limitations
- pyramids of biomass
- the feeding relationship in any ecosystem are often times more complex with many organisms feeding of many other organisms through several trophic levels
- Their is often a loss of energy as you work your way up the trophic levels
- there is energy lost the through the life process that the prey undergoes
- their is also alot of energy that is stroed in parts of animals that the predators cannot digest this ergy is available for decomposers such as fungi and bacteria
- due to this decrease in energy as you go up the trophic levels the less predators you get
- this is often demonstrated by pyramids of numbers that look at the number of organisms at each trophic level
- energy transfer in ecosystems
- how energy is transferred
- as such we often show these relations through a food web
- measuring the efficiency of energy transfer
- pyramids of biomass
- this gives a greater measure of how the relationships in an ecosystem work and how energy transferred from organism to organism
- this is worked out by taking the wet mass of an animal then working out the dry mass from previously recorded data
- this way is less destructive to the ecosystem
- pyramids of energy
- this is used to work out the actual amount of energy that is passed on from organism to organism
- to do this you take an dead animal and burn it measuring how much energy is released using a calorimeter
- this is often highly destructive to an ecosystem and takes a lot of time so most revert to using pyramids of biomass
- productivity
- the pyramids of energy and biomass both have limitations
- biomass limitations
- different species may release different amount of ergys
- biomass limitations
- this looks at the rate at which energy passes through each trophic level
- it is a measure of the energy flow through the trophic levels
- the base of this pyramid is alway the primary producer
- the gross primary productivity is the rate at which plants convert light into chemical energy
- however energy is lots when the plants respire the difference between the amount of energy made and the amount of energy respired
- is called the net primary productivity
- however energy is lots when the plants respire the difference between the amount of energy made and the amount of energy respired
- the gross primary productivity is the rate at which plants convert light into chemical energy
- the base of this pyramid is alway the primary producer
- the pyramids of energy and biomass both have limitations
- pyramids of biomass
- the feeding relationship in any ecosystem are often times more complex with many organisms feeding of many other organisms through several trophic levels
- manipulating energy transfer
- improving primary productivity
- the npp in plants grown in fields is about 1-3%
- by changing factors you can improve this
- light intensity
- this can be improved by planting them earlier to provide a longer growing season to harvest light
- grow them under light banks
- lack of water
- irrigating crops
- breeding drought resistant crops
- temperature
- planting crops earlier so the temperature has less of an impact on final yield
- using a greenhouse
- Lack of nutrients
- crop rotation with nitrogen fixing plants like legumes
- fertilisers
- dealing with pests
- spraying crops with pesticides
- introducing natural predators to the pests
- breeding pants to be pest restant
- dealing with fungi and weeds
- genetic modification
- spray crops with fungicides
- breed them to be resistant to fungi
- what can hinder primary productivity
- weeds that compete with crops
- fungi that attack xylem vessels damage foliage so preventing photosytesis
- damage phloem and damage the flowers and fruits this prevents reproduction
- pests eat plants reducing biomass and stored energy as well as lower the yield
- low temperature limits the speed of reactions
- lack of water and light limit photosynthesis so lower the amount of energy that can be produced
- the npp in plants grown in fields is about 1-3%
- improving secondary productivity
- it is possible to manipulate the energy transfer from producer to consumer allowing ore energy to be transferred in the food chain
- harvesting animals just before adulthood prevents loss of energy through growth
- steroids used to be used to increase growth but is now banned in the EU
- selective breeding can be used to make animals that grow quicker produce more meat milk and eggs
- improving primary productivity
- energy transfer in ecosystems
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