Economy and society
- Created by: avaniwilliams
- Created on: 15-05-18 15:01
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- Economy and society
- Economic
- Rulers were keen to accelerate industrialisation to catch up with the west
- Industry
- Alexander II created Reutern Reforms (1862-78)
- Encouraged foreign investment and technical expertise
- Alexander began building the trans-siberian railway 1891
- Alexander III the Medele'ev tariff - raised gov revenues
- Nicholas II - Witte's 'Great Spurt' (1893-1903)
- Lenin's economic policies
- Established State Capitalism - central control of the economy - Supreme Economic council (Dec 1917)
- NEP - Denationalisation of small scale enterprise and return to private ownership
- Stalin's centralised planning - 7 five year plans
- Alexander II created Reutern Reforms (1862-78)
- Agriculture
- Alexander II Emancipation of the Serfs (1861)
- Alexander III Peasant Land Bank (1883)
- Nicholas II -The Stolypin reforms 'Wager on the Strong'
- Stalin's Collectivisation and Dekulakisation
- Use of MTS
- Collectivsation was voluntary under Lenin but forced under Stalin
- Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Scheme 1954
- Society
- Reasons for change
- Population Growth
- 1858: 74 mil 1960: 212 mil
- Social Structure
- Nobility declined in numbers
- Rise in middle- class, 2 mil by 1914
- Large numbers of peasant Families moved to towns for employment
- changed under communists - dominated by workers and dominated by hierarchical bureaucracy
- Communist ideology gave greater freedom n authority to workers
- Education
- Primary schools rose from 23,000 in 1880 to 81,000 in 1914
- Alexander III removed autonomy of universities
- Alexander II gave Zemstva control and developed a new code for secondary schools which doubled number attending
- 1930: attendance was compulsory til age of 12 and 18 mil attendents
- 1932: 6.9 mil pupils at secondary schools and school fees scrapped
- Population Growth
- Rural conditions
- Living conditions remained constant, variation between regions and classes
- Standard housing was the 'Izba' (small wooden hut, cold, damp)
- Stalin built housing blocks on his collectivised farms
- Khrushchev built self-contained agro towns - private but poorly built
- Working Conditions influenced mainly by the weather, soil and farming ability
- Alexander II - Emancipation Edict was pivtoal
- Stolypins wager on the strong created a new class of peasant
- War Communism - accused Kulaks of Grain hoarding
- NEP - Kulaks seen as more higher class, paid higher taxes
- Collectvisation and Dekulakisation
- 1928 - 1930: 1 to 3 mil Kulak Families were deported
- Virgin lands scheme put pressure in production
- Living conditions remained constant, variation between regions and classes
- Urban conditions
- Living Conditions
- End of 19th century, only 15% of population lived in towns
- 1914: over 1000 towns with overall 2 mil buildings
- only 74 towns had access to electricity and gas
- 1917: Decree on Land gave private land to proletariat
- Stalin reversed Lenin's changes: allocated space rather than rooms causing overcrowding
- WW2 made 25 mil Russian homeless
- 195564: communal living abandoned and housing co-operatives introduced
- Working Conditions
- Under the Tsars,workers were mainly in service industires or manufacturing -mpoor and dangerous conditions
- 1882: child workers (under 12) were banned
- 1896: 11 hour working day
- 1903: Workers insurance scheme
- 1914: Statutory holidays
- Under Communists, conditions for the proletariat worsened
- Extended hours and low pay
- 1920: Rabkrin established (workers inspectorate)
- 1932; 10-12 hour working day
- 1939: working day went down to 7 hours
- Under the Tsars,workers were mainly in service industires or manufacturing -mpoor and dangerous conditions
- Living Conditions
- Reasons for change
- Economic
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