Brain Plasticity: Disorders and Brain Damage
- Created by: meg_lou
- Created on: 20-04-17 10:17
View mindmap
- Disorders and Brain Damage
- Neurodevelopment disorders
- Autism
- 1 in 166, 80% are males, 60% have intellectual disabilities, 35% have epilepsy, 25% have little to no language ability
- 1 in 10 have savant abilities
- Consequence of compensatory functional improvement in one area due to damage in another
- Siblings have 5% chance and 60% concordance rate for MZ twins
- Brain structures implicated are the frontal cortex, amygdala and cerebellum
- William's syndrome
- 1 in every 7500 births
- Children tend to still be friendly and social
- Struggle with spatial relations, numbers and abstract reasoning
- Similar facial features e.g. upturned nose and wide mouth
- Usually have a heart disorder associated with mutation in a gene on chromosome 7
- Gene is absent in 95% of those with WS
- Reduced cortical volume at juncture of occipital and parietal lobes and orbitofrontal cortex
- Autism
- Brain damage
- Closed head injuries
- Head is not penetrated i.e. blow
- Coup injury - damage occurs where the blow impacted
- Contrecoup injury - damage occurs on the opposite side where the blow impacted
- Coup injury - damage occurs where the blow impacted
- Contusions - damage to the cerebral circulatory system
- Internal haemorrhaging (bleed) leads to a hematoma (bruise)
- Concussion - disturbance of consciousness
- Multiple concussions can lead to punch-drunk syndrome
- Dementia and cerebral scarring observed in boxers and others who often get blows to the head
- Jerry Quarry - ex boxer who needs help showering, difficulty speaking, eating and distorted memory
- Dementia and cerebral scarring observed in boxers and others who often get blows to the head
- Multiple concussions can lead to punch-drunk syndrome
- Head is not penetrated i.e. blow
- Brain tumours
- Mass of cells growing independent to the body
- Benign - may reoccur but not cancerous in nature
- Malignant - cancerous
- Benign - may reoccur but not cancerous in nature
- Meningiomas- grow within their own membrane and are usually benign
- Infiltrating tumours - grow diffusively through surrounding tissues, usually malignant
- Gliomas - develop from the glial cells
- Infiltrating tumours - grow diffusively through surrounding tissues, usually malignant
- Mass of cells growing independent to the body
- Cerebrovascular disorders - strokes
- Cerebral haemorrhage- bleeding of the brain
- Anuerysm - blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into neural tissue
- Cerebral ischemia - disruption of the blood supply
- Thrombosis - plug forms and blocks blood flow
- Embolism - plug carried by blood from larger vessel to smaller one
- Arteriosclerosis - wall of blood vessel thickens
- Embolism - plug carried by blood from larger vessel to smaller one
- Thrombosis - plug forms and blocks blood flow
- Cerebral haemorrhage- bleeding of the brain
- Brain infections
- Invasion of the brain by microorganisms
- Bacterial infections often lead to abscesses (pockets of pus)
- Viral infections are an attack on neural tissue e.g. rabies have an affinity for the NS
- Bacterial infections often lead to abscesses (pockets of pus)
- Invasion of the brain by microorganisms
- Neurotoxins
- NS can be damaged from exposure to toxic chemicals e.g. mercury
- Toxic psychosis where unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy due to exposure to neurotoxin e.g. 'crackpots'
- Antipsychoticdrugs produced tar dive dyskinesia
- Abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement
- Antipsychoticdrugs produced tar dive dyskinesia
- Toxic psychosis where unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy due to exposure to neurotoxin e.g. 'crackpots'
- NS can be damaged from exposure to toxic chemicals e.g. mercury
- Closed head injuries
- Response to nervous system damage
- Degeneration
- Anterograde - degeneration of distal segment (segment of cut axon between cut and synaptic terminals
- Retrograde - degeneration of proximal segment (segment of cut axon between cut and cell body)
- Regeneration
- Axons can regenerate to their correct targets if the Schwann cell (myelinate PNS axons) sheaths aren't severed
- Regenerationincorrect or not possible if Schwann cell sheaths are separated
- Reorganisation
- Strengthening of existing connections through release from inhibition
- Establishment of new connections by collateral sprouting
- Recovery of function
- Likely to occur when lesions are small and patient is young
- Usually gradual improvement of cognitive and behavioural strategies rather than return of lost function
- Kapur (1997) - brain damage improvement occurred because cognitive reserve allowed them to complete tasks in alternative ways
- Likely to occur when lesions are small and patient is young
- Degeneration
- Neurodevelopment disorders
Comments
No comments have yet been made