Disintegration of Political Nation
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- Created on: 09-05-17 20:48
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- Disintegration of the Political Nation 1646-1649
- Attempts at Settlement
- ParliamentaryCause
- Divisions between Scots and Parl
- Scots propose settlement with Charles March and July 1646
- Charles refuses, Scots hand back to England for £400,000 Dec 1646
- This settlement interferes with English settlement - must appease Scots before can settle w/ Charles
- Undermines English settlement
- This settlement interferes with English settlement - must appease Scots before can settle w/ Charles
- Charles refuses, Scots hand back to England for £400,000 Dec 1646
- No longer allied w/ Parl - different religious goals
- Scots want full Scottish Presb system implemented
- Scots propose settlement with Charles March and July 1646
- Divisions within Parl
- Propositions of Newcastle July 1646
- 3yr Preby trial, to control militia 20 yrs, Triennial Act
- Mix of harsh and moderate terms = Charles does not accept
- Internal divisions undermine a settlement
- Mix of harsh and moderate terms = Charles does not accept
- 3yr Preby trial, to control militia 20 yrs, Triennial Act
- Independentsvs Presbyterians
- Presbs = majority of Houses of Parl
- Independentshave control of the NMA = power
- Disagree over key issues e.g. religion - national church vs toleration
- Presbs want to disband NMA, social order, lower taxes, peace w/ King, ally w/ Scots
- Inds want to keep NMA, to crush king, higher taxes necessary, no allying w/ Scots
- Propositions of Newcastle July 1646
- Divisions between Parl and NMA
- Politicisation of the NMA causes tensions between them
- Army begin to want a hand in the settlement - must now satisfy army, parl, and Charles
- March on London June 1647 - 'reformadoes' rally in London - soldiers who want pay
- Hollis teams with London Mob who want stability to create a London Militia, Independent MPs flee
- Ind MPs and NMA meet in Hounslow and enter London unapposed
- Hollis teams with London Mob who want stability to create a London Militia, Independent MPs flee
- March on London June 1647 - 'reformadoes' rally in London - soldiers who want pay
- Army begin to want a hand in the settlement - must now satisfy army, parl, and Charles
- Politicisation of the NMA causes tensions between them
- Splits in the NMA
- Heads of Proposals
- More lenient than Newcastle Props - R&F feel betrayed by Grandees
- Grandees politically conservative e.g. Cromwell, Ireton
- Allowed bishops to remain, militia to be rule by Parl for 10 years
- More lenient than Newcastle Props - R&F feel betrayed by Grandees
- Levellers
- Ideas infiltrate the army - radical ideas of reform, suffrage, democracy
- Harnessed religious radicals in army, many discontent
- But OC quickly able to restore discipline - aided by King's escape
- Putney Debates
- Divisive discussion over parl power and reform
- Incites mutiny at Burford and Ware - easily crushed by OC
- Harnessed religious radicals in army, many discontent
- Ideas infiltrate the army - radical ideas of reform, suffrage, democracy
- Heads of Proposals
- Divisions between Scots and Parl
- Royalist Cause
- Charles' Actions
- Does not accept Propositions of Newcastle - sees Parl's weaknesses
- Uses delaying tactics to hinder negotiations - didn't think he'd lost the war yet
- Refused any limitations on his power
- He still holds power as the king - any settleement must be accepted by him
- Reluctant & Stubborn - no constructive effort from Charles
- Does not accept Propositions of Newcastle - sees Parl's weaknesses
- The Scots and the Engagement Dec 1647
- King willing to give Presb a trial run in England
- Scots saw Independent as threat to Presby political power
- Split Scots - hardliners vs moderates = army weak - Church denounced it
- Charles thought it would isolate army & Presbs would take Scots' side
- United opposition to defeat Royalist threat
- Vote of No Addresses Jan 1648
- United opposition to defeat Royalist threat
- King willing to give Presb a trial run in England
- Charles' Actions
- ParliamentaryCause
- Politicisation of the NMA
- Grievances
- Parliament wants to disband them - they want pay and indemnity first
- Pre-emptive strike against NMA 1647 - to be sent to Ireland, purged of Independent officers, a London army to protect against them
- NMA's 'The Humble Petition' March 1647 - called on Fairfax to seek changes
- Parliament publish Declaration of Dislike March 1647 = infuriates soldiers
- NMA's 'The Humble Petition' March 1647 - called on Fairfax to seek changes
- Pre-emptive strike against NMA 1647 - to be sent to Ireland, purged of Independent officers, a London army to protect against them
- Army elect Agitators 1647 - to speak to officers - demand arrears, indemnity, freedom of worship, no Ireland, pensions
- Vindication of the Officers of the Army April 1647- they endorse Humble Petition. Officers and R&F stand together
- R&F revolt against Parl's treatment of them May 1647 - Cornet Joyce seizes King
- Pment had been continuing to press for disbandment of NMA. Now needed army to accept any settlement
- Intervention of Army Officers June 1647, Solemn Engagement of the Army June 1647 - refused to disbnad
- Pment had been continuing to press for disbandment of NMA. Now needed army to accept any settlement
- R&F revolt against Parl's treatment of them May 1647 - Cornet Joyce seizes King
- Vindication of the Officers of the Army April 1647- they endorse Humble Petition. Officers and R&F stand together
- Parliament wants to disband them - they want pay and indemnity first
- Involvement in Settlement
- The Army's Declaration June 1647
- Demanded purge of corrupt MPs, church reform, toleration
- Army emerges as a political force - now involved in settlement
- March on London June 1647 - pressure on Parl, Mobs besieged Westminister
- Relations between them reach new low
- The Army's Declaration June 1647
- Grievances
- Radical Groups
- Levellers
- Developed from campaign for religious toleration
- Leaders - Lilburne, Overton, Walwyn
- Established order saw these as a threat to stability and social order but in reality not a massive threat
- Levellers only real threat? Fusion of political and religious ideas threatened hierarchy
- Established order saw these as a threat to stability and social order but in reality not a massive threat
- Leaders - Lilburne, Overton, Walwyn
- Developed from campaign for religious toleration
- Ranters
- Denied existence of sin
- Endorsed total freedom due to Calvin's pre-destination
- Established order saw these as a threat to stability and social order but in reality not a massive threat
- Levellers only real threat? Fusion of political and religious ideas threatened hierarchy
- Established order saw these as a threat to stability and social order but in reality not a massive threat
- Endorsed total freedom due to Calvin's pre-destination
- Denied existence of sin
- Fifth Monarchists
- Millenarianism
- Colonel Harrison was a 5th Mon
- Colonel Harrison was a 5th Mon
- Millenarianism
- Levellers
- 2nd Civil War 1648-9
- Local Groups' motives
- Anti-Parl/NMA
- Grievances e.g. Canterbury Xmas rising 1647 - financial and religious grievances
- Grievances about taxes and impositions imposed on towns
- Grievances e.g. Canterbury Xmas rising 1647 - financial and religious grievances
- Pro-Charles
- Not many but Kent and Essex rebellions mention return to stability and Charles
- Local Motivations
- Counties suffered from heavy tax and Parl's religious agenda
- 20,000 signed Kent petition - local gentry want a settlement
- Unhappy with the Vote of No Addresses
- 20,000 signed Kent petition - local gentry want a settlement
- Counties suffered from heavy tax and Parl's religious agenda
- Anti-Parl/NMA
- Overall, Royalists are not unified in momtives
- Battle of Preston July 1648
- OC pursued Hamilton's troops, Lambert took Pontefract = defeated Royalists
- Scottish Invasion April 1648
- Led by Lansdale and Musgrave. Only represented a fraction of Scotland
- No widespread support for Engagement
- Split Scots - hardliners vs moderates = army weak - Church denounced it
- Poorly funded, lack of unity
- OC forwarded by his role in 2nd CW - highlights him as NMA leadre
- OC pursued Hamilton's troops, Lambert took Pontefract = defeated Royalists
- No widespread support for Engagement
- Led by Lansdale and Musgrave. Only represented a fraction of Scotland
- Local Groups' motives
- Post-Civil War
- Divisions between Parl and NMA
- Presbs want negotiation, rescind V of NA
- Inds & NMA dislike King even more - can't be trusted
- Decide he has gone against God's ruling of the 1st CW verdict - must be brought to account
- Treaty of Newport Sept 1648
- King dragged out talks, continues double-dealing, NMA angered
- King secretly communicating with Marquis of Ormond, Henrietta provided weapons from France
- King dragged out talks, continues double-dealing, NMA angered
- Still not getting paid, need 3000 more men. Fear Newport Treaty will work, Remonstrance ignored
- Windsor Prayer Meeting
- Believe in Providence - Charles as 'man of blood'
- Three day prayer session - to find out God's will - decided he must be brought to justice but not abolition of monarchy
- Believe in Providence - Charles as 'man of blood'
- Pride's Purge Dec 1648
- NMA take action against Presb MPs
- Colonel Pride prevented 180 MPs entering - some secluded, some imprisoned
- Only ******** MPs remain, many stay away from Rump Parl
- Colonel Pride prevented 180 MPs entering - some secluded, some imprisoned
- NMA take action against Presb MPs
- Charles' Trial and Execution
- Pro-Parl Case
- Charles betrayed people and country, had tried to negotiate - no option left
- Pro-Charles Case
- Re-defined treason to convict C, aware of illigitimacy - prevent C from speaking, attempt to look legit, already decided verdict - must be killed to prevent revenge. God's will - dubious court doesn't matter to them
- Pro-Parl Case
- Divisions between Parl and NMA
- Attempts at Settlement
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