Diseases
- Created by: Maddie smith
- Created on: 23-03-18 14:00
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- The Immune System
- phagocytis
- 1. antigens are recognised by the phagocyte as foreign
- 2. the cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves around the pathogen engulfing it. this ay be helped by opsonins
- 3. the pathogen is now contained in a phagosome in the cytoplasm of the phagocyte
- 4. a lysosome fuses with the phagosome. the enzymes break down the pathogen.
- 5. the phagocyte the presents the pathogens antigens on its surface to activate other immune system cells. becomes and antigen presenting cell (APC)
- 4. a lysosome fuses with the phagosome. the enzymes break down the pathogen.
- 3. the pathogen is now contained in a phagosome in the cytoplasm of the phagocyte
- 2. the cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves around the pathogen engulfing it. this ay be helped by opsonins
- T lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell
- their surface is covered in unique receptors
- when a receptor meets a complementary antigen it binds to it.
- this is called colonal selection. it then under goes colonal expansion where it divides to produce clones of itself. produces different types.
- types of T lymphocyte.
- T helper- these release substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
- T killer cells- these attach to and kill cells that are infected with a virus.
- T regulatory cells- these suppress the immune response from other white blood cells. this stops the immune cells from attacking the hosts body cells.
- T killer cells- these attach to and kill cells that are infected with a virus.
- T helper- these release substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
- types of T lymphocyte.
- their surface is covered in unique receptors
- T lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell
- B lymphocytes
- another type of white blood cell, covered with antibodies
- antibodies bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody on its surface
- antibody binds to a complementary antigen
- this together with substances from T helper cells activates the b lymphocyte. this process is called clonal selection
- this activated b lymphocyte divids by mitosis into plasma cells and memory cells, clonal expansion
- they produce plasma cells which are clones of B lymphocytes. they secrete loads of antibodies.
- Structure of anti bodies
- variable regions- form the antigen binding sites. variable region is complementary to particular antigen.
- hinge region- allows flexibility when antibody binds to antigen.
- constant region- allows binding to receptors on immune system cells. (phagocytes). same in all antibodies.
- Didulphide bridges- hold the polypeptide chains of the protein together.
- constant region- allows binding to receptors on immune system cells. (phagocytes). same in all antibodies.
- hinge region- allows flexibility when antibody binds to antigen.
- variable regions- form the antigen binding sites. variable region is complementary to particular antigen.
- Structure of anti bodies
- they produce plasma cells which are clones of B lymphocytes. they secrete loads of antibodies.
- this activated b lymphocyte divids by mitosis into plasma cells and memory cells, clonal expansion
- this together with substances from T helper cells activates the b lymphocyte. this process is called clonal selection
- antibody binds to a complementary antigen
- antibodies bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody on its surface
- another type of white blood cell, covered with antibodies
- 1. antigens are recognised by the phagocyte as foreign
- The primary response
- the primary response is slow because there aren't many B lymphocytes that can make to antibody needed to bind to it.
- eventually there will be enough of the right antibodies to overcome the infection meanwhile the host will show symptoms of the disease.
- T and B hen produce memory cells these cells remain in the body for a long time.
- memory T lymphocytes remember the specific antigen and memory B lymphocytes record the specific antibodies needed to bind to the antigen.
- the person is now immune
- memory T lymphocytes remember the specific antigen and memory B lymphocytes record the specific antibodies needed to bind to the antigen.
- T and B hen produce memory cells these cells remain in the body for a long time.
- eventually there will be enough of the right antibodies to overcome the infection meanwhile the host will show symptoms of the disease.
- the primary response is slow because there aren't many B lymphocytes that can make to antibody needed to bind to it.
- The secondary response
- if the same pathogen enters the body the immune system will produce a quicker faster response.
- clonal selection happens faster. memory B lymphocytes activated and divide into plasma cells that produce right antibody to antigen. memory T lymphocytes activated and divide inot correct type of T lymphocytes to kill the cell carrying the antigen
- secondary response gets rid of the pathogen before you experience any of the symptoms.
- clonal selection happens faster. memory B lymphocytes activated and divide into plasma cells that produce right antibody to antigen. memory T lymphocytes activated and divide inot correct type of T lymphocytes to kill the cell carrying the antigen
- if the same pathogen enters the body the immune system will produce a quicker faster response.
- phagocytis
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