Differences in Educational Attainment
- Created by: FCarter
- Created on: 29-05-19 14:34
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- Differences in Educational Attainment
- Class
- Marxist
- Neo-Marxist, Raymond Boudon - Positional theory
- "Courses of action" have different costs and benefits depending on the individual's social position
- Neo-Marxist, Pierre Bourdieu - Cultural capital theory
- Level of cultural capital accumulated = reflection of their habitus
- Class based "dispositions and tendencies" they learn and internalise through socialisation
- Level of cultural capital accumulated = reflection of their habitus
- Neo-Marxist, Raymond Boudon - Positional theory
- Functionalist
- J.W.B. Douglas - Parental Interest
- Middle-class children received more attention and encouragement from their parents during their early years
- Barry Sugarman - Attitudes and Outlooks
- Middle-class subculture = Optimistic, future-time orientated, deferred gratification, individualism
- Working-class subculture = Fatalistic, present-time orientated, immediate gratification, collectivism
- Herbert H. Hyman - Value Systems
- Members of the middle class believe there is more opportunity for personal advancement
- This is the basis for the higher value placed on education and high occupational status
- Members of the middle class believe there is more opportunity for personal advancement
- Basil Bernstein - Speech patterns
- Most middle-class children have been socialised in both the restricted and elaborated codes and are fluent in each, whereas working-class children are only familiar with the restricted code
- Carl Bereiter = New-Right theorist, working-class language is sub-standard
- J.W.B. Douglas - Parental Interest
- Social Action
- Colin Lacey - Hightown Grammar
- Study suggests that pupil subcultures develop within the school
- They are a response to the way pupils are perceived by teachers, other pupils, and class organisation
- Study suggests that pupil subcultures develop within the school
- Stephen J Ball - Beachside Comprehensive
- Found that factors other than academic criteria were influential in determining bands.
- Teachers had stereotypical views of the different bands and the behaviour of children diverged
- Found that factors other than academic criteria were influential in determining bands.
- Nell Keddie - The myth of Cultural Deprivation
- Teachers classify students in terms of an 'ideal pupil'; the middle class pupil is closest to this ideal
- Colin Lacey - Hightown Grammar
- Marxist
- Ethnicity
- Marxist
- Castles & Kosak - Reserve army of labour theory
- 1. Ethnic minority pupils are deliberately under-educated
- 2. Bourgeoisie use them to social control the wage demands of the white labour force
- 3. Racist ideologies distract from inequalities
- Neo-Marxist, Pierre Bourdieu - Cultural capital theory
- The culture of schools is defined by the ruling class and is aimed at reproducing social-class and racial inequalities
- Castles & Kosak - Reserve army of labour theory
- Functionalist
- Language barrier theory
- May cause problems in doing schoolwork and communicating with teachers
- Language barrier theory
- New-Right/Neo-liberal
- Family disorder theories
- West Indians are held to have a family life which fails to encourage children to do well in education
- Murray & Sewell - Underclass Theory
- Murray suggested that African-Caribbean boys are disruptive because single mothers are incapable of instilling discipline in their sons
- Tony Sewell argues that the culture of masculinity provides a "comfort zone" for many African-Caribbean men
- Family disorder theories
- Marxist
- Gender
- Feminist
- Girls' previous lower levels of educational attainment
- J.W.B. Douglas -Some families devote more resources to the education of some than daughters
- Fiona Norman - Conditioning and sex stereotyping starts before school, with different kinds of play, toys, and books
- Dale Spender - Education is controlled by men who define their knowledge and experience as important
- Glenys Lobban - Educational reading schemes reinforce gender stereotyping
- Girls' higher levels of educational attainment
- Feminisation of the workplace
- Genderquake
- Individualisation
- Motivation to succeed
- Feminisation of education
- Boys' lower levels of educational attainment
- Crisis of masculinity/change in the labour market
- Delinquentanti-school subcultures
- Schools fail to cater for boys
- Girls' previous lower levels of educational attainment
- Feminist
- Class
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