Diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

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  • Diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia
    • Classification of schizophrenia
      • No single defining characteristic
        • Sz is a collection of seemingly unrelating symptoms
        • There's many misconceptions and exaggerations surrounding the nature of sz
      • DSM-5 and ICD-10 differ
        • DSM-5: one positive symptom must be present
        • ICD-10: two or more negative symptoms must be present
    • Symptoms of schizophrenia
      • Positive symptoms = additional experiences beyond those of ordinary extistence
        • Hallucinations
          • Sensory experiences that have no basis in reality or distorted perceptions of real things, experienced in relation to any sense
          • E.g. hearing voices or seeing people who aren't there
        • Delusions
          • Beliefs that have no basis in reality - makes a people with sz behave in ways that make sense to them but are bizarre to others
          • E.g. beliefs about being a very important person or the victim of a conspiracy
      • Negative symptoms = loss of usual abilities and experiences
        • Avolition
          • Results in lowered activity levels and unwillingnessto carry out goal-directed behaviours
          • Severe loss of motivation to carry out everyday tasks (e.g. work, hobbies, personal care)
        • Speech poverty
          • A reduction in the amout and quality of speech, may include a delay in verbal responses during conservation
          • DSM emphasises speech disorganisation and incoherence
    • Issues in diagnosis
      • Co-morbidity
        • Occurence of two illnesses together which confuses diagnosis and treatment
      • Validity
        • The extent to which the diagnosis and classification techniques measure what they are  designed to measure
      • Symptom overlap
        • When two or more conditions share symptoms, questioning the validity of classification
      • Reliability
        • The extent to which the diagnosis of sz is consistent

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