Public health depth one
- Created by: GingerDinosaur04
- Created on: 11-12-21 14:27
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- Depth One - Paupers and Pauperism 1780-1834
- Relief systems, types of poverty & providing relief
- Relief systems
- Almshouses - workhouses supported by charities + church
- Impotent - sick, old, infirm, mentally ill
- Houses of correction
- Poverty Types
- Absolute = no basic needs
- Relative = lack of ‘wants’
- Deserving & undeserving = moral categories
- Ways to provide welfare
- Local = parishes
- National = central government
- Collective = government/ trade unions
- Individualist = take responsibility
- Relief systems
- Indoor & Outdoor Relief
- Outdoor Relief
- Giving relief into poor houses for impotent,able-bodied poor & houses of correction
- Advantages
- Easy to administer
- Applied flexibly
- Direct support
- Disadvatages
- Industrialisation & growing population
- Not prepared for things like bad harvests etc.
- Gov shifted responsibility to parishes
- Not consistent/ reliable
- Corruption
- Difficult to distinguish ‘deserving’
- Indoor Relief
- Advantages
- Immediate help & shelter
- Locally delivered
- Provided work
- Disadvantages
- No money or essentials given
- ‘Dumping ground’
- No skilled work or support for future
- Only for impotent
- Costly
- Advantages
- Outdoor Relief
- Acts & Systems
- Settlement Act 1662
- Designed to control migrant population
- Ensure providing for poor didn’t overwhelm parishes
- Not consistent & led to agitation
- Could only claim relief in parish born, married, worked or inherited property
- Settlement Act 1697
- Tightens legislation further
- Migration no longer possible
- Roundsman System
- Work found for able-bodied i.e. farming
- Farmers paid some of the wages but took advantage
- Wages based on bread prices or family sizes
- Gilbert’s Act 1782
- Parishes combined into unions
- Overseers became money guardians
- Too slow to adapt to acts - laissez-faire
- Speenhamland System
- Allowance system which helped with wages - not new
- Cost of bread vs dependents
- Encouraged large families but too many ebbs and flows
- Predominantley in South
- Sturges-Bourne Act
- Introduced tying in gentry and major land owners
- Monitored claimants and types of poor
- Tightened distribution
- Settlement Act 1662
- Poverty & Labour Rate
- Poverty
- Primary = insufficiency of means rather than waste/ inefficiency or drain on resources
- Secondary = those who live below poverty line income spent on necessities
- Relative = lacked minimum amount of income needed to maintain adequate standard of living
- Absolute = caused by debts, world population increase & natural disasters
- Labour Rate
- Agreement to establish wage with landowners for labour
- Parish’s part of bill worked out on average rate
- Rate payers employing labourers exempt from paying into rate
- Poverty
- Other Factors
- Regional Differences
- Nottinghamshire - agricultural turndown but there was still work
- Relief = 11 shillings - under national average
- Felt workhouses should be a deterrent
- Swing Riots
- Low wages
- Workers had been replaced with new technology
- Trashed workhouses
- No paupers hurt or injured
- Rising cost of poor relief
- Cost rising - old poor law no longer fit for purpose
- Parish responsibility to raise funds
- Mobile population pressurised urban cities
- M/c saw l/c as idle
- War of France
- Cheap corn in Europe forced farmers to keep prices low
- Had to pay war taxes and loans for enclosures
- 1815 corn laws protect grain & ban imports
- Returning soldiers and poor harvests
- Association of trade - more relief needed - 12-13 shillings a head unheard of
- Condemned poor law
- Regional Differences
- Ideological pressures
- Agricultural
- As a % of total population more received relief
- Permanent workhouses - Berkshire and Wiltshire
- Instability - inconsistent & permissive
- Industrial
- Higher rate of non-able bodied poor receiving relief along with able
- Permanent workhouses - Lancashire and Yorkshire
- Agricultural
- Individuals
- Thomas Malthus 1766-1834
- Economist who specialised in demography
- Found population had inbuilt prosperity to rise and outstrip available food supplies
- Encouraged more children = claim more relief
- Wanted to abolish poor law
- Wanted small families - no financial = wage rise & employers paying more
- David Ricardo 1772-1823
- Political economist - used different route to come to same conclusion as Malthus
- ‘On the principles of political economy & taxation’ 1817 iron law of wages idea
- Wages fund from which money for wages and poor relief paid
- More wages paid out = less available for poor relief
- Less money for wages = less pauperism = drain wages fund
- Abolish poor law
- Thomas Paine 1737-1809
- Writer & republican - felt poor law was inadequate
- Proposed property tax one extremely wealthy
- Help support systems e.g. family allowance and pensions
- Able-bodied poor sent to workhouses before receiving relief
- Robert Owen
- Radical factory owner - blamed capitalist economic system for poverty & abuse of factory
- Attempted to build mill workers community in Scotland
- Adults work 10.5 hour days & provided sick pay and education for children
- Care only for impotent and hard work meant greater income
- Suggested everyone be employed in cooperative communities that forbade corporal punishment
- Jeremy Bentham
- Unconventional and daringly critical approach
- Inspired philosophical radicals - aim to completely overhaul British laws & institutions - utilitarianism
- Believe relief was gov’s responsibility
- Thomas Malthus 1766-1834
- Relief systems, types of poverty & providing relief
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