Public health depth one

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  • Depth One - Paupers and Pauperism 1780-1834
    • Relief systems, types of poverty & providing relief
      • Relief systems
        • Almshouses - workhouses supported by charities + church
        • Impotent - sick, old, infirm, mentally ill
        • Houses of correction
      • Poverty Types
        • Absolute = no basic needs
        • Relative = lack of ‘wants’
        • Deserving & undeserving = moral categories
      • Ways to provide welfare
        • Local = parishes
        • National = central government
        • Collective = government/ trade unions
        • Individualist = take responsibility
    • Indoor & Outdoor Relief
      • Outdoor Relief
        • Giving relief into poor houses for impotent,able-bodied poor & houses of correction
        • Advantages
          • Easy to administer
          • Applied flexibly
          • Direct support
        • Disadvatages
          • Industrialisation & growing population
          • Not prepared for things like bad harvests etc.
          • Gov shifted responsibility to parishes
          • Not consistent/ reliable
          • Corruption
          • Difficult to distinguish ‘deserving’
      • Indoor Relief
        • Advantages
          • Immediate help & shelter
          • Locally delivered
          • Provided work
        • Disadvantages
          • No money or essentials given
          • ‘Dumping ground’
          • No skilled work or support for future
          • Only for impotent
          • Costly
    • Acts & Systems
      • Settlement Act 1662
        • Designed to control migrant population
        • Ensure providing for poor didn’t overwhelm parishes
        • Not consistent & led to agitation
        • Could only claim relief in parish born, married, worked or inherited property
      • Settlement Act 1697
        • Tightens legislation further
        • Migration no longer possible
      • Roundsman System
        • Work found for able-bodied i.e. farming
        • Farmers paid some of the wages but took advantage
        • Wages based on bread prices or family sizes
      • Gilbert’s Act 1782
        • Parishes combined into unions
        • Overseers became money guardians
        • Too slow to adapt to acts - laissez-faire
      • Speenhamland System
        • Allowance system which helped with wages - not new
        • Cost of bread vs dependents
        • Encouraged large families but too many ebbs and flows
        • Predominantley in South
      • Sturges-Bourne Act
        • Introduced tying in gentry and major land owners
        • Monitored claimants and types of poor
        • Tightened distribution
    • Poverty & Labour Rate
      • Poverty
        • Primary = insufficiency of means rather than waste/ inefficiency or drain on resources
        • Secondary = those who live below poverty line income spent on necessities
        • Relative  = lacked minimum amount of income needed to maintain adequate standard of living
        • Absolute = caused by debts, world population increase & natural disasters
      • Labour Rate
        • Agreement to establish wage with landowners for labour
        • Parish’s part of bill worked out on average rate
        • Rate payers employing labourers exempt from paying into rate
    • Other Factors
      • Regional Differences
        • Nottinghamshire - agricultural turndown but there was still work
        • Relief = 11 shillings - under national average
        • Felt workhouses should be a deterrent
      • Swing Riots
        • Low wages
        • Workers had been replaced with new technology
        • Trashed workhouses
        • No paupers hurt or injured
      • Rising cost of poor relief
        • Cost rising - old poor law no longer fit for purpose
        • Parish responsibility to raise funds
        • Mobile population pressurised urban cities
        • M/c saw l/c as idle
      • War of France
        • Cheap corn in Europe forced farmers to keep prices low
        • Had to pay war taxes and loans for enclosures
        • 1815 corn laws protect grain & ban imports
        • Returning soldiers and poor harvests
        • Association of trade - more relief needed - 12-13 shillings a head unheard of
        • Condemned poor law
    • Ideological pressures
      • Agricultural
        • As a % of total population more received relief
        • Permanent workhouses - Berkshire and Wiltshire
      • Instability - inconsistent & permissive
      • Industrial
        • Higher rate of non-able bodied poor receiving relief along with able
        • Permanent workhouses - Lancashire and Yorkshire
    • Individuals
      • Thomas Malthus 1766-1834
        • Economist who specialised in demography
        • Found population had inbuilt prosperity to rise and outstrip available food supplies
        • Encouraged more children = claim more relief
        • Wanted to abolish poor law
        • Wanted small families - no financial = wage rise & employers paying more
      • David Ricardo 1772-1823
        • Political economist - used different route to come to same conclusion as Malthus
        • ‘On the principles of  political economy & taxation’ 1817 iron law of wages idea
        • Wages fund from which money for wages and poor relief paid
        • More wages paid out = less available for poor relief
        • Less money for wages = less pauperism = drain wages fund
        • Abolish poor law
      • Thomas Paine 1737-1809
        • Writer & republican - felt poor law was inadequate
        • Proposed property tax one extremely wealthy
        • Help support systems e.g. family allowance and pensions
        • Able-bodied poor sent to workhouses before receiving relief
      • Robert Owen
        • Radical factory owner - blamed capitalist economic system for poverty & abuse of factory
        • Attempted to build mill workers community in Scotland
        • Adults work 10.5 hour days & provided sick pay and education for children
        • Care only for impotent and hard work meant greater income
        • Suggested everyone be employed in cooperative communities that forbade corporal punishment
      • Jeremy Bentham
        • Unconventional and daringly critical approach
        • Inspired philosophical radicals - aim to completely overhaul British laws & institutions - utilitarianism
        • Believe relief was gov’s responsibility

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