Topic 4: Demography (notes)
- Created by: Former Member
- Created on: 04-05-13 10:46
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- Demography
- Births
- Total fertility rate
- Risen since 2001 to 1.84 by 2006
- More women are remaining childless
- Women are postponing having children
- Average age = 29.6
- Reasons for the decline in the birth rate
- Changes in the position of women
- Equality
- Educational opportunities
- Paid employment
- Attitudes to family life
- Divorce
- Birth control and abortions
- Decline in IMR
- 1990 = 154 (15% of babies died within their first year
- 20th it started to fall
- Improved housing and sanitation
- Nurtition
- Knowledge of hygine
- Fall in marriages
- Improved services for mothers and children
- Economic liabilities?
- Laws
- Banning child labor
- Schooling
- Economically dependent
- Changing norms
- Becoming more materialistic
- Laws
- Child centerdness
- Now socially constructed
- 'quantity' > 'quality'
- Fewer children = more attention and resources on these few
- Fewer trends in birth rates
- Mothers from outside the UK account for 22% of the births (2005)
- Births per year up to 2041 = 700-720,000
- Changes in the position of women
- Effects
- The Family
- Women are more likely to work
- Middle class family may be able to afford a larger family and still work
- Dependency ratio
- Public service and policies
- Fewer children = fewer services may be needed
- Schools
- Maternity and child care
- Fewer children = fewer services may be needed
- The Family
- Total fertility rate
- Deaths
- Fallen since 1900 - 19>10 in 2007
- Falling from 1870 to 1930. Rose in the 1930's and 40's
- Reasons
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements
- NHS - 1949
- Public health measures and environmental improvements
- Other
- Decline in dangerous occupations
- Smaller families = less infections spreading
- Great medical knowledge
- Higher incomes = healthier lifestyle
- Life expectancy
- Males, UK , 1990 - 50
- Females, UK, 1990 - 57
- Males, UK, 2006 - 76.9
- Females, UK, 2006 - 81.2
- Aging population
- Average age in the UK = 34.1 (1971)
- 39..6 - 2007
- 2031 - 42.6
- People are living longer into older age
- Hardly anyone dies early in life
- Effects
- Public servies
- One-person pensioner households
- The dependency ratio
- Social construction that the aging population is a 'problem'
- GRIFFITHS REPORT
- Growing costs of health and social care for the growing number of old people
- 'pensions time bomb'
- 'Agism'
- GRIFFITHS REPORT
- Migration
- Until the 80's those immigrating were lower than those emmigrating
- 1900 the largest group immigrating were the Irish
- 50's black Caribbean began to arrive in the UK
- 2001 - ethnic minorities accounted for 7.9% of the population
- Emigration
- 'Push factors'
- Economic reasons
- Unemployment
- 'Pull factors'
- Better opportunities abroad
- Higher wages
- 1900 - emigrate - USA, Canada ect
- 'Push factors'
- Migration patterns
- 1994-2004 imigration rose from 314,000 to 582,000 annualy
- 1994-2004 emigration rose from 238,000 to 360,000 annualy
- 2004 net migration = 223,000 (highest since 1991)
- Births
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