Cultural Variations in Attachment
- Created by: zara.mathur
- Created on: 19-01-20 15:05
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- Cultural Variations in Attachment
- AO1
- 2 main culture types
- Individualist
- Value independence
- Everyone working to their own individual goals
- E.g. USA and Europe (Eastern cultures)
- Collectivist
- Value cooperation
- Everyone working to the family and group goals
- E.g. Japan and Israel (Western cultures)
- Individualist
- Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
- Aim
- Investigate if attachment types are universal across cultures or culturally specific
- Procedure
- Used a meta analysis to analyse data from Strange Situation studies
- 32 studies, 8 countries
- Calculated average percentage for different attachment styles in each country
- Conclusion
- Overall consistency in secure attachment leads to conclusion that there may be universal characteristics
- Findings
- Secure was most common in all countries
- Germany
- Insecure Avoidant
- Parents want self reliant children
- Avoided contact on mother's return
- Japan
- Insecure Resistant
- Israel
- Have high anxiety
- Cannot be easily soothed
- Israel
- Value cooperation and work together as a family
- Distressed when mother leaves
- Insecure Resistant
- Israel
- Have high anxiety
- Cannot be easily soothed
- Aim
- 2 main culture types
- AO3
- Strength: Meta-Analysis
- Secondary data therefore cheap and quick
- Has publication bias
- Researcher may choose studies that show the outcome they want
- Weakness: Cannot generalise attachment styles to whole country
- Britain: conducted once, USA: conducted 18 times
- Not representative - difference in times study conducted
- USA may improve judgement
- Weakness: Developed in America
- Assumes behaviour has same meaning in all cultures
- Desirable behaviour in Germany is to be independent and distant but would appear to be IA in **
- May suffer imposed etic
- Malin (1977)
- Aboriginal infants discouraged from exploring due to threats
- Don't use their mothers as a safe base to exxplore
- Become incorrectly labelled
- Kyoung (2005)
- Compared 87 Korean families with 113 USA families using **
- Korean families didn't stay close to mothers
- Similar proportion of securely attached children in both cultures
- Suggests different child-rearing practices can lead to secure attachments
- Strength: Meta-Analysis
- AO1
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