Cultural Variations in Attachment

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  • Cultural Variations in Attachment
    • AO1
      • 2 main culture types
        • Individualist
          • Value independence
          • Everyone working to their own individual goals
          • E.g. USA and Europe (Eastern cultures)
        • Collectivist
          • Value cooperation
          • Everyone working to the family and group goals
          • E.g. Japan and Israel (Western cultures)
      • Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
        • Aim
          • Investigate if attachment types are universal across cultures or culturally specific
        • Procedure
          • Used a meta analysis to analyse data from Strange Situation studies
          • 32 studies, 8 countries
          • Calculated average percentage for different attachment styles in each country
        • Conclusion
          • Overall consistency in secure attachment leads to conclusion that there may be universal characteristics
        • Findings
          • Secure was most common in all countries
          • Germany
            • Insecure Avoidant
            • Parents want self reliant children
            • Avoided contact on mother's return
          • Japan
            • Insecure Resistant
              • Israel
                • Have high anxiety
                • Cannot be easily soothed
            • Value cooperation and work together as a family
            • Distressed when mother leaves
          • Israel
            • Have high anxiety
            • Cannot be easily soothed
    • AO3
      • Strength: Meta-Analysis
        • Secondary data therefore cheap and quick
        • Has publication bias
          • Researcher may choose studies that show the outcome they want
      • Weakness: Cannot generalise attachment styles to whole country
        • Britain: conducted once, USA: conducted 18 times
        • Not representative - difference in times study conducted
          • USA may improve judgement
      • Weakness: Developed in America
        • Assumes behaviour has same meaning in all cultures
        • Desirable behaviour in Germany is to be independent and distant but would appear to be IA in **
        • May suffer imposed etic
      • Malin (1977)
        • Aboriginal infants discouraged from exploring due to threats
        • Don't use their mothers as a safe base to exxplore
        • Become incorrectly labelled
      • Kyoung (2005)
        • Compared 87 Korean families with 113 USA families using **
        • Korean families didn't stay close to mothers
        • Similar proportion of securely attached children in both cultures
          • Suggests different child-rearing practices can lead to secure attachments

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