Cultral variation
- Created by: georgiaharbridge
- Created on: 29-03-16 13:48
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- CULTRAL VARIATION
- Van Ijzendoorn &Kroonenberg 1988
- AIM
- Look at the proportions of secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment in a range of countries and compare the differences within the same country
- METHOD
- Located in 32 studies of attachment where stranger situation was used
- Conducted in 8 counties
- Results for 1990 children
- FINDINGS
- Wide variation between the proportions of attachment types in studies
- Secure was common in all countries
- 75% - Britain to 50% - China (secure)
- IR- 3% in Britain and 30% in Isreal
- IA - Most Germany and Least Japam
- Within Countires 150% greater than those between countries
- E.g - USA one study found that 46% securely attached compared to one as high as 90%
- AIM
- Simonella et al. 2014
- Italy
- AIM
- See whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studies
- METHOD
- 72 12 month olds using the strange situation
- FINDINGS
- 50% secure
- Lower rate
- 36% insecure-avoidant
- 50% secure
- Jin et al. 2012
- Korea
- AIM
- Compare the proportions of attachment types in Korea to other studies
- METHOD
- Strange situation
- 87 children
- FINDINGS
- Insecure and secure was similar
- Between Insecure-resistant and avoidant most children was resistant and 1 was avoidant
- Similar to Japan
- Similar child-rearing styles
- Similar to Japan
- CONCLUSTION
- Secure is the norm
- Supporting Bowlby that attachment is innate
- Culture can make a dramatic differnce
- Grossman and Grossman 1991
- Germany
- Insecure rather than secure
- Due to the way they were bought up
- Independent
- Do not engage in proximity seeking in strange situation
- Due to the way they were bought up
- Insecure rather than secure
- Germany
- Takahashi 1990
- Japan
- No evidence of insecure-avoidant
- High rates of insecure-resistant (32%)
- Infants was distressed on being alone - 90% stopped at this point
- Rarely experience separation from mothers
- Japan
- Fox 1977
- Israeli Kibbutzim
- Cared by a nurses in a communal home
- Appeared equally attached to mother an nurses
- Greater attachment to mother at reuni0n base
- Appeared equally attached to mother an nurses
- Rarely saw strangers - caused high levels of anxiety
- Cared by a nurses in a communal home
- Israeli Kibbutzim
- A03
- Large samples
- Increase internal validity by reducing the amount of anomalous resuslts
- Unrepresentative of culture
- compared between countries not culture
- There is cultures in countires
- compared between countries not culture
- Method of assessment od biased
- Imposed etic
- Large samples
- Van Ijzendoorn &Kroonenberg 1988
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