C1 Crude oil and Fuels
- Created by: Hollie Wickens
- Created on: 12-04-14 12:42
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- Crude oil and fuels
- Fractional distillation
- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds that aren't chemically bonded together
- Crude oil is a mixture of many different compounds
- A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds that aren't chemically bonded together
- Most of the compounds are hydrocarbon molecules
- Hydrocarbons are basically fuels such as petrol and diesel
- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- Crude oil is a mixture of many different compounds
- Most of the compounds are hydrocarbon molecules
- Hydrocarbons are basically fuels such as petrol and diesel
- They're made of just carbon and hydrogen
- Hydrocarbons are basically fuels such as petrol and diesel
- Because the compounds aren't chemically bonded together, they all keep their original properties
- This includes their condensing points
- This means that the separate compounds in the mixture can be separated using fractional distillation
- The properties of a mixture are just a mixture of the properties of the separate parts
- This includes their condensing points
- Most of the compounds are hydrocarbon molecules
- Crude oil is a fossil fuel
- It's formed over millions of years from the buried remains of plants and animals
- Crude oil is a mixture of many different compounds
- They're made of just carbon and hydrogen
- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons are basically fuels such as petrol and diesel
- Because the compounds aren't chemically bonded together, they all keep their original properties
- This includes their condensing points
- This means that the separate compounds in the mixture can be separated using fractional distillation
- The properties of a mixture are just a mixture of the properties of the separate parts
- This includes their condensing points
- Crude oil is a fossil fuel
- It's formed over millions of years from the buried remains of plants and animals
- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons
- Properties
- Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels
- The shorter the molecules, the less viscous it is
- The really gloopy, viscous hydrocarbons are used for lubricating engine parts and covering roads
- The shorter the molecules, the more flammable the hydrocarbon is
- The shorter the molecules, the more volatile they are, so the lower the boiling point
- The volatility helps decide what the fraction is used for
- The refinery gas fraction has the shortest molecules, so it has the lowest boiling it - it's a gas at room temperature
- This makes it ideal for using as bottled gas
- It's stored under pressure as liquid in 'bottles', and when the tap on the bottle is opened, the fuel vaporises and flows to the burner where it's ignited
- This makes it ideal for using as bottled gas
- The refinery gas fraction has the shortest molecules, so it has the lowest boiling it - it's a gas at room temperature
- The volatility helps decide what the fraction is used for
- The shorter the molecules, the less viscous it is
- Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels
- Hydrocarbon fuels
- Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur
- The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
- Solid particles (particulates) may also be released
- These may contain soot (carbon) and unburnt fuels
- This happens with partial combustion - when there isn't enough oxygen and the fuel doesn't burn
- These particulates cause global dimmming
- Global dimming is the decrease in how much sunlight is reaching the surface of the Earth
- They reflect sunlight back into space, or help to prduce more clouds that reflect sunlight back into space
- Hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water vapour
- Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain
- The gases mix with clouds to form dilute forms of their acids, which then fall as acid rain
- Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles
- Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, for example in power stations.
- Carbon dioxide causes global warming
- Solid particles (particulates) may also be released
- The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
- The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy
- During combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised
- Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulfur
- Properties
- Alternative fuels
- Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from plant material
- There are economic, ethical and environmental issues surrounding their use
- ETHANOL can be produced from plant material so is known as a biofuel
- It's made by fermentation of plants and is used to power cars in some places
- It's often mixed with petrol to make a better fuel
- The CO2 released when it's burnt was taken in by the plant as it grew, so it's carbon neutral
- The only other product is water
- Engines need to be converted before they'll work with ethanol fuels
- Ethanol fuel isn't widely available
- There are worries that as demand for it increases farmers will switch from growing food crops to growing crops to make ethanol - this will increase food prices
- It's made by fermentation of plants and is used to power cars in some places
- BIODIESEL can be produced from vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil and soybean oil, so it is a biofuel
- Biodiesel can be mixed with ordinary diesel fuel and used to run a diesel engine
- This means engines don't need to be converted to use it
- It's carbon neutral
- It produces much less sulphur dioxide and particulates than ordinary diesel or petrol
- It's expensive to make
- We can't make enough to completely replace diesel
- Because of this, it could increase food prices in the same way ethanol could
- Biodiesel can be mixed with ordinary diesel fuel and used to run a diesel engine
- HYDROGEN GAS can be used to power vehicles
- The hydrogen comes from electrolysis of water - there's plenty of water about but it takes electrical energy to split it up
- This energy can come from a renewable source, e.g. solar
- Hydrogen combines with oxygen in the air to form just water - so it's very clean
- You need a special, expensive engine and hydrogen isn't widely available
- You still need to use energy from another source to make it
- It's hard to store because it's explosive
- The hydrogen comes from electrolysis of water - there's plenty of water about but it takes electrical energy to split it up
- Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from plant material
- Fractional distillation
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