Crude Oils, cracking hydrocarbons

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  • Crude Oils
    • Burning Fuels
      • Burning Hydrocarbons e.g. ethane and methane
        • When we burn hydrocarbons with lots of oxygen it will release energy and produce CO2 and water
      • When we burn fuels (tiny particles and unburnt hydrocarbon) are produced when burning diesel can cause lung cancer
      • nitrogen also reacts with xygen to produce nitrogen oxiddes in the engnes which can trigger some people's asma
      • When we burn fuels they all have some sulpur in them, the sulphur then reacts with the oxyge to produce sulphur dioxide which is a poisonous gas and can cause acid rain.
      • Combustion
        • During INCOMPLETE combustion there is not enough oxygen so we produce CO (another poisonous gas)
        • During COMPLETE combustion there is enough oxygen to react with so it produces CO2 and water
    • Fractional Distillation
      • Properties of hydrocarbons
        • LONG chains
          • Long chains are less volatile(a substance easily evaporated at normal temperatures) than shorter chains due to the chains being interwined with each other
          • They have high boiling points
          • They have a high vocosity
        • SHORT chains
          • They are very flammable
          • They have low boiling points
          • They are more volatile (a substance easily evaporated at normal temperatures)
          • They have a low viscosity
      • The hyrdrocarbon molecule can be separated into different fractions due to their different boiling points
        • Hydrocarbons with shorter chains will have lower boiling points. Hydrocarbons with longer chains will have jigher boiling points
      • How fractional distilaton works
        • 1. crude oil is heated and then evaporates
          • 2. As the vapour cools it rises up the fractional column
            • 3. The crude oil condenses at different levels in the fractional column
    • FUELS FROM CRUDE OIL
      • Alkanes
        • Methane CH14
        • Butane C4H10
        • Ethane C2H6
        • Propane C3H8
        • Pentane C5H12
        • The formula for a Alkane is CnH2n+2
        • We describe alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons
        • Most of the hydrocarbons in crud oil are alkanes
      • Hydrocarbons
        • Most of the hydrocarbons in crud oil are alkanes
        • Mosst compounds in crude oil are made from hydrocarbons
        • All hydrocarbons are made from hydrogen and carbon EXCLUSIVELY!
    • Alternative Fuels
      • Biofuels
        • Examples
          • Biodiesel
          • Hydrocarbons
          • Ethanol
            • We can make this by fermenting suger canes
        • Bio fuels will become more and more important because crude oil will soon run out
      • Biodiesel
        • ADVANTAGES
          • It is cheaper
          • It burs more cleanly (less particulates emitted)
          • Useful products made when we make bio diesel e.g. gyserine
          • They are CO2 neutral as we grow plants which absorb the CO2 that is produced when we burn them
        • DISADVANTAGES
          • Biodiesel can freeze at low temperatures
          • It uses large areas which could be used to grow crops on
          • Destruction of habitats
          • It is used at high temperatures and biodiesel can gum up engines
    • Cleaner Fuels
      • We can reduce the effect of burning fuels by fitting catalyst converters in cars to reduce the CO and NO produced by a car engine
      • Global Warming
        • The greenhouse gases are: CO2, methane, and water vapour
        • Greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere traps heat energy lost from the earth's surface by radiation
        • Global warming affects the temperature around the world
      • Global Dimming
        • Global dimming i caused by particulates (a type of pollutant) which are tiny solid particles of soot (carbon) and unburnt hydrocarbons these particulates travel into the upper atmosphere and reflect sunlight back into space making the earth darker
        • Global dimming is the reflection of sunlight by tiny solid particles in the air which causes the earth to get darker

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