Criminological Perspectives Lecture 1 --> Re-framing theories of criminal behaviour: 18th and 19th century theories
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- Created on: 08-10-20 13:16
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- 18C and 19C theories of criminal behaviour
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
- The Leviathan (1651) -> a authoritarian power is needed otherwise we will be in a ‘state of nature’
- The fear of an 'unruly and dangerous' society keeps us together and authority figure keeps us safe
- John Locke (1632-1704)
- The Social Contract -> we surrender some of our rights to authority to that they can keep us safe
- eg. we give up our right of retribution so the State can enact justice
- The Social Contract -> we surrender some of our rights to authority to that they can keep us safe
- Beccaria (1738-1794)
- On Crimes and Punishment (1764)
- The idea of punishing the offence and not the offender (punishment = proportional to the crime)
- Was against the barbaric punishments of the time (see punishment of Damian)
- Individual has free will -> they chose to commit their crime
- Innocent until proven guilty
- On Crimes and Punishment (1764)
- Bentham (1748-1832)
- All-Seeing Eye (Panopticon) -> key architecture
- “Morals reformed - health preserved - industry invigorated - instruction diffused” (Bentham)
- “The soul becomes the prison of the body” (Foucault, 1977: 30)
- Lavater (1741-1801)
- Idea of Phrenology emerged -> measurements / bumps on an individs skull can tell you about their personality
- Although it is rubbish, it did apply to scientific approach to criminality
- Lombroso (1835-1909)
- On Criminal Man (1876) -> shift to the individual. Or rather, it looked at the offender - the abnormal
- 'Atavistic' nature of criminals
- Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)
- Looked at the relationships between social, economic and political factors
- PHYSICAL factors (race, geography and temperature)
- INDIVIDUAL factors (age, gender, psychological variables)
- SOCIAL factors (population, religion, culture)
- Looked at the relationships between social, economic and political factors
- Durkheim (1858-1917)
- Collapse of social solidarity is the cause of criminal behaviour (urban growth)
- This lack of a sense of a ‘community’ arguably made people more introverted. This increase in a sense of individualism lead to a break down of what was a collectivist society which caused people to do things that they wanted to do without thinking about the consequences
- Crime is functional:
- Too much crime: obvs something wrong within a society
- Too little crime: society is oppressive, lack of jobs due to low crime etc
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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