Criminal Psychology
- Created by: renaamz
- Created on: 27-02-20 11:43
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- Criminal Psychology
- Biological explanation
- Brain Injury: Williams et al 60% of offenders have brain injury
- Amygdala and aggression: Raine et al.
- XYY syndrome- criminal gene
- Social explanation
- Labelling
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Social Learning
- Cognitive interview and interview techniques
- Cognitive Interview: report everything, reinstate context, reverse order, change perspective (+ eye contact, open questions, no distractions, speak slow)
- Ethical interviewing
- Psychological formulation
- 1. Offence analysis 2. understanding function of offending 3. application to treatment
- Cognitive behavioural Treatment
- Anger management: offenders reflect on what has triggered their aggression in past, then they are taught behaviourist techniques cope with those situations, the scenes are reconstructed and to test coping
- Jane Ireland: 12 sessions, treatment- 92% improved on one measure and 48% on questionnaire and behavior checklist, control group no improvement
- assessment was after 8 weeks, may not work long term
- May have undesired effect eg. Damien Hanson convinced parole board to release him from prison after 24 anger management sessions and then murdered again,
- Jane Ireland: 12 sessions, treatment- 92% improved on one measure and 48% on questionnaire and behavior checklist, control group no improvement
- Novaco found that it is the offenders inability to control their anger
- Anger management: offenders reflect on what has triggered their aggression in past, then they are taught behaviourist techniques cope with those situations, the scenes are reconstructed and to test coping
- Factors affecting EWT
- Post-event information
- Leading questions- Loftus and Palmer
- Anxiety
- Weapon focus
- Factors affecting jury decision making
- Attractiveness: Abwender and Hough- female more lenient to attractive females compared to men (+Sigall and Ostrove)
- Patry found contradicting results
- Race: Bradbury and Williams
- Accent: Birmingham more guilty- Dixon et al.
- Pre-trialpublicity: Steblay et al, ptp with negative PTP found guilty vs those with positive PTP
- Attractiveness: Abwender and Hough- female more lenient to attractive females compared to men (+Sigall and Ostrove)
- Classic study
- Loftus and Palmer: can memory be influenced by post event information. 45 students shown clips of car accidents, asked about speed, 5 groups, different verb. 'smashed' 40.8mph compared to 'contacted' 31.8mph
- exp 2: 150ptp shown car accident said 'smashed' 'hit' and a control then asked sbout broken glass. 16 said yes for smashed, 7 hit and 6 control. Conclusion: post even information altered recall
- Weaknesses:students so not representative, contradicting evidence(Yullie and Cutshall), film lacks emotion and real life so not ecologically valid
- Strengths: standardised procedure, application to changes in legal system- should not convict on single eye-witness
- exp 2: 150ptp shown car accident said 'smashed' 'hit' and a control then asked sbout broken glass. 16 said yes for smashed, 7 hit and 6 control. Conclusion: post even information altered recall
- Loftus and Palmer: can memory be influenced by post event information. 45 students shown clips of car accidents, asked about speed, 5 groups, different verb. 'smashed' 40.8mph compared to 'contacted' 31.8mph
- Contemporay study
- Bradbury and Williams: do juries show an ingroup, outgroup bias. Collected secondary data from real trials in US from 4 states. White, black or Hispanic jurors. Juries of white or hispanic jurors more likely to convict black defendants compared to black jurors, therefore there may be outgroup bias when judgments are applied by jurors
- Strengths: high ecological/external validity, application to jury selection, good representation for USA, quantitative and qualitative data used to ensure objectivity
- Weaknesses: other characteriscteristic of defendant may have influenced decision, can only be applied when defendant is black
- Bradbury and Williams: do juries show an ingroup, outgroup bias. Collected secondary data from real trials in US from 4 states. White, black or Hispanic jurors. Juries of white or hispanic jurors more likely to convict black defendants compared to black jurors, therefore there may be outgroup bias when judgments are applied by jurors
- Biological treatment
- Improved diet: Simon Moore et al found violent offenders ate suggary foods
- Gesch et al found that those with an increase in vitamins, minerals and fatty acids had a 31.5% reduction in disciplinary incidents and 37% in violent incidents compared to 6.7% and 10.1% for placeboes
- Weaknesses: hard to determine cause-and-effect relationship, studies focus only on violence and aggression
- Improved diet: Simon Moore et al found violent offenders ate suggary foods
- Biological explanation
- Personality
- Extraversion vs. Introversion- extroverts crave excitement and stimulation and so they are prone to engage in dangerous behavior. they also tend to not condition easily so won't learn from their mistakes.
- Neuroticism vs. Stability- Neurotic individuals are anxious and so difficult to predict. According to Eyesnck extravert-neurotic more criminal.
- Criminal Psychology
- Biological explanation
- Brain Injury: Williams et al 60% of offenders have brain injury
- Amygdala and aggression: Raine et al.
- XYY syndrome- criminal gene
- Social explanation
- Labelling
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Social Learning
- Cognitive interview and interview techniques
- Cognitive Interview: report everything, reinstate context, reverse order, change perspective (+ eye contact, open questions, no distractions, speak slow)
- Ethical interviewing
- Psychological formulation
- 1. Offence analysis 2. understanding function of offending 3. application to treatment
- Cognitive behavioural Treatment
- Anger management: offenders reflect on what has triggered their aggression in past, then they are taught behaviourist techniques cope with those situations, the scenes are reconstructed and to test coping
- Jane Ireland: 12 sessions, treatment- 92% improved on one measure and 48% on questionnaire and behavior checklist, control group no improvement
- assessment was after 8 weeks, may not work long term
- May have undesired effect eg. Damien Hanson convinced parole board to release him from prison after 24 anger management sessions and then murdered again,
- Jane Ireland: 12 sessions, treatment- 92% improved on one measure and 48% on questionnaire and behavior checklist, control group no improvement
- Novaco found that it is the offenders inability to control their anger
- Anger management: offenders reflect on what has triggered their aggression in past, then they are taught behaviourist techniques cope with those situations, the scenes are reconstructed and to test coping
- Factors affecting EWT
- Post-event information
- Leading questions- Loftus and Palmer
- Anxiety
- Weapon focus
- Factors affecting jury decision making
- Attractiveness: Abwender and Hough- female more lenient to attractive females compared to men (+Sigall and Ostrove)
- Patry found contradicting results
- Race: Bradbury and Williams
- Accent: Birmingham more guilty- Dixon et al.
- Pre-trialpublicity: Steblay et al, ptp with negative PTP found guilty vs those with positive PTP
- Attractiveness: Abwender and Hough- female more lenient to attractive females compared to men (+Sigall and Ostrove)
- Classic study
- Loftus and Palmer: can memory be influenced by post event information. 45 students shown clips of car accidents, asked about speed, 5 groups, different verb. 'smashed' 40.8mph compared to 'contacted' 31.8mph
- exp 2: 150ptp shown car accident said 'smashed' 'hit' and a control then asked sbout broken glass. 16 said yes for smashed, 7 hit and 6 control. Conclusion: post even information altered recall
- Weaknesses:students so not representative, contradicting evidence(Yullie and Cutshall), film lacks emotion and real life so not ecologically valid
- Strengths: standardised procedure, application to changes in legal system- should not convict on single eye-witness
- exp 2: 150ptp shown car accident said 'smashed' 'hit' and a control then asked sbout broken glass. 16 said yes for smashed, 7 hit and 6 control. Conclusion: post even information altered recall
- Loftus and Palmer: can memory be influenced by post event information. 45 students shown clips of car accidents, asked about speed, 5 groups, different verb. 'smashed' 40.8mph compared to 'contacted' 31.8mph
- Contemporay study
- Bradbury and Williams: do juries show an ingroup, outgroup bias. Collected secondary data from real trials in US from 4 states. White, black or Hispanic jurors. Juries of white or hispanic jurors more likely to convict black defendants compared to black jurors, therefore there may be outgroup bias when judgments are applied by jurors
- Strengths: high ecological/external validity, application to jury selection, good representation for USA, quantitative and qualitative data used to ensure objectivity
- Weaknesses: other characteriscteristic of defendant may have influenced decision, can only be applied when defendant is black
- Bradbury and Williams: do juries show an ingroup, outgroup bias. Collected secondary data from real trials in US from 4 states. White, black or Hispanic jurors. Juries of white or hispanic jurors more likely to convict black defendants compared to black jurors, therefore there may be outgroup bias when judgments are applied by jurors
- Biological treatment
- Improved diet: Simon Moore et al found violent offenders ate suggary foods
- Gesch et al found that those with an increase in vitamins, minerals and fatty acids had a 31.5% reduction in disciplinary incidents and 37% in violent incidents compared to 6.7% and 10.1% for placeboes
- Weaknesses: hard to determine cause-and-effect relationship, studies focus only on violence and aggression
- Improved diet: Simon Moore et al found violent offenders ate suggary foods
- Biological explanation
- Psychoticism: individual who is self-centered, cold and has a lack of empathy for others (EPI questionnairethat tests P E and N)
- Socialisation process: althugh mostly biological Eysenck acknowledged socialisation. extraverts are less receptive to operant conditioning so punishment is less effective. Neuroticism intaferes with learning and so makes it difficult to take on social rules
- Strength: repeat offenders high levels of P E and N
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