Crime and Deviance
- Created by: bexo95
- Created on: 17-01-14 18:16
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- Crime and Deviance
- Gender
- Pollak- Chivalry thesis. CJS mainly men, protective to women, respect them
- Messerschmidt- Masculinity is achieved, WC & EM criminal to show masculinity
- Heidensohn- Patriarchal control- home, work, public
- Adler- Liberation thesis, more opp for women to commit crime
- Box- seld report studies, serious offences are treated the same
- Parsons- Sex role theory, primary socialisation
- Carlen- judge women and criminals, mothers and wives, 'double failure'
- Walklate- **** cases, victim must show her respectability
- AK Cohen- absence of male in family, boys turn to gangs for statue through crime
- Graham et al- women 1/3 less likely to be jailed, stats and double what studies show
- Ethnicity
- Phillips and Bowling- oppressive policing, EM- over policed
- Hood- Black men 5% more to be jailed, EM have longer sentences,
- Stephen Lawrence- MacPherson report, police institutionally racist
- Lea & Young- 90% of crime public reports, so police aren't racist
- Gilroy- 'myth of black criminality'. black criminality, racist stereotypes
- Hall et al- Policing the crisis- black muggers as scapegoat
- Bourgois- discrimination excludes EM from economic opp. turn to criminal sc
- Media
- Cohen & Young- neews is social construct, its manufactured
- Mandel- Fictional info, eg. 25% of TV is crime shows
- S. Cohen- Folk devils, moral panics, D A spiral
- Jewkes- new media= new crimes eg piracy
- Wall- cyber crime: trespass, deception, ****, violence
- Suicide
- Durkheim- based on social facts, integration and regulation
- Taylor- Coroners choose suicides, not valid
- Atkinson- Coroners common sense theory, circumstantial
- Douglas- socially constructed stats, look at death from victim
- Green, state & Globalisation
- State
- Kelman & Hamilton- Crimes of obedience, 3 features, authorisation, routinisation, dehumanisation
- McLaughlin- 4 types of state crime, political, security, economic, social/cultural crime
- Green
- define- looks at the harm, not the legality of the act. GC is transgressive, looks at new issurs
- Beck- late modern society has increased productivity & technology, creating 'manufactured risks' - 'global risk society'
- South- primary, direct destructioneg deforestation. Secondary, the laws are ignored eg disposal of waste
- Globalisation
- Michalowski & Kramer- TNC go to countries with no pollution and safety laws. sell unsafe products to the workers
- Taylor- Globalization means TNC and move countries, looking for profit, breaks social cohesion
- Glenny- 'Mcmafia', well connected citizens brought items (oil, gas) and sold them on world market
- Castells-global crime economy, worth £1 trillion per annum, trafficking, smuggling, cyber, green, terrorism,drug
- Hobbs & dunningham-'Glocal' crime. locally based crime, but with global connections, eg drugs
- State
- Prevention, punishment & victims
- Victim
- Hans Von Hentig- found 13 X'isticts, the reason they were victims
- Wolfgang- 588 homicides, 26% were victim triggerred
- Christie- label of victim is 'socially constructed', media has stereotypes- weak, innocent, young.
- Define- Those who have suffered harm (mental, physical) through acts that break the laws
- Amir- 1 in 5 **** cases, victim precipitated. ignores crime against environment.
- Punishments
- Durkheim-to up hold social solidarity. Retributive, traditional, restitutive, modern, compensation.
- Justification?- Deterrence, rehabilitation, incapaition, retribution
- Marxism- see punishment as RSA, based on economic base. 'pay' by 'doing time'
- Changes in prision- pre-industrial prision was holding place, now is seen as worse form of punishment.
- S. Cohen- increase in community control, ASBO's curfews, tagging.
- Foucault- sovereign power (body) and disciplinary power (mind) The panoptican: surveillance becomes self-surveillance
- Prevention
- The Perry pre-school project- 3&4 age, disadvantaged kids, and intellectual project. shown to have fewer arrests for violence & drugs.
- Clarke- 'target hardening', rational choice theory, crime is opportunistic.
- Wilson & Kelling- Broken window theory. environmental improvement & zero tolerance halts neighbourhood decline.
- Displacement- SCP won't reduce crime, but displace it. Spatical, target, temporal, tactical, function. ignores WCC, CCTV is biased, criminals are under influence.
- Incarceration
- Transcarceration- individuals moving between prision-like institutions. blur between CJS & welfare system
- Garland- USA, 3% of pop is involved in crime, now have tough on crime idea, so rises prision pop. 3535:462, black:white.
- Simon- Americas 'war on drugs' have lead to mass incarceration, endless supply of offenders.
- Downes- USA imprisions 30-40% of the unemployed, makes capitalism look good, ideological function?
- Victim
- Theory- F,M
- Marxists
- (N) Hall- 'policing the crisis', young black men rebelled as reaction to police labeling
- (N) Taylor et al- 'fully social theory', voluntaristic view, its a choice, not political motive.
- Function of crime- the laws give capitalism a 'caring face', creates false class consciousness.
- Reiman- crimes of powerful are less likely to be seen as offences, focus on WC crime
- Criminogenic capitalism- nature of society means crime is inevitable. poverty, increase in commodity, alienation.
- Chambliss- Laws protect private property, so protect the ruling class, and reject laws that harm their intrests
- Functionalists
- Durkheim- Crime is inevitable, 2 functions, boundary maintenance & adaptation and change. division of labour, causes anomie
- AK Cohen- Deviance indicates a problem with an institution, like a warning light.
- Davis- Deviance acts as a safety valve, eg prostitution enables men to release frustration, not by domestic violence.
- Crit. of Durkheim- how much is enough? he explains the functions, not the reasons
- Marxists
- Realists
- Left
- Young- too tough on crime, not the cause
- Lea & Young- Relative dep, subcultures, marginalisation
- Right
- Murry- State created dependency culture
- Clarke- Rational choice, reward> punishment
- Wilson & Kelling- zero tolerance, target hardening
- Wilson & Hernstein- Biological differences, DNA
- Left
- Labelling, strain, subcultures
- Becker- deviance is a social construction, decided by 'moral entrepreneurs'
- S Cohen- folk devils, clash of subcultures
- Cicourel- Stop & search based on typification- stereotypes
- Young- Nottinghill druggies, create deviant subculture, label from police
- Lemert- Primary & secondary deviance, master status
- Merton- strain theory, cannot achieve main stream goals, 5 diff adaptation
- AK Cohen- status frustration, cultural dep, crime to gain status
- Cloward & Ohlin- diff people, diff subcultures: criminal, conflict, retreatists
- Gender
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