Crime during the Industrial Revolution
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- Crime and Punishment during the Industrial Revolution
- Causes of Crime
- Population growth
- The population grew from 10 million in 1750 to 37 million in 1900
- Increased population meant there was a higher demand for jobs, food, houses ect.
- It was also easier for people to get away with crime due to the large crowds of people.
- Conditions in the factories
- Low wages for workers meant that even with a job people might not be able to afford food
- Many people lost their jobs to new machines. This led to "Luddites"
- Living Conditions
- The streets were dark which meant it was easy for criminals to escape
- People lived in extreme poverty so might've turned to crime to survive.
- Some people lived in slum areas called Rookeries. They were often the centre of crime so police were afraid to go in.
- Education system
- Only the very rich got an education
- People didn't learn the skills needed to get a job. Instead they stole to make a living.
- Population growth
- Smuggling
- Smuggling was when people bought goods into the country without paying tax
- This meant the government had less money available
- Products such as wine, tobacco, brandy and gin were often smuggled
- These could then be sold cheaply on the Black Market
- People turned to smuggling because labourers could earn double their wages by smuggling and it was fairly easy.
- Over 70% of smugglers were labourers, 10% were farmers and the rest were butchers and carpenters.
- Many people didn't see smuggling as a "real" crime so sometimes they would help hide smugglers from the authorities
- Gangs of smugglers became violent.
- Some smugglers turned to assault or even murder to avoid arrest
- Smuggling was often the starting point for more hardened criminals eg. **** Turpin
- **** Turpin was a famous highwayman.
- He is famous today because a poem was written glamorising his life
- He was caught in 173 when he was hanged for horse-theft
- He was born in Essex in 1705
- **** Turpin was a famous highwayman.
- The punishment was harsh often death
- Smuggling was when people bought goods into the country without paying tax
- Highway Robbery
- The government was concerned because often the postal service was attacked meaning it was the government's money being stolen
- Highwaymen were people on horseback who stopped travellers and robbed them
- It was common on city streets or roads approaching London
- **** Turpin was a famous highwayman.
- He is famous today because a poem was written glamorising his life
- He was caught in 173 when he was hanged for horse-theft
- He was born in Essex in 1705
- Highway robbery was on the rise during the 18th century but declined by the early 19th century
- China
- China was an area in Merthyr Tydfil known as the "forbidden city"
- It was ran by criminals
- Drunkards, thieves, drug dealers, rogues and prostitutes were common
- The police were too afraid to stop it
- It was easy to get away with crime
- The judge wasn't sympathetic to anyone who entered China
- It was easy to get away with crime
- Opportunities for crime in Merthyr
- Alcohol problems
- No street lighting
- No police
- Population was high
- Drugs such as opium
- Unemployment
- Protests
- Causes
- Working class people couldn't vote so workers had no way of bring change
- Religious hatred
- Taxes were to high
- There was a shortage of food due to poor harvests
- The French Revolution showed people violent protest could bring change
- Swing Riots
- People were angry at low wages and high food prices
- There was 1,500 cases of machine breaking and arson
- The leader was fictional character "Captain Swing".
- The members were young men and workers.
- 19 were executed, 505 were transported, 644 were in-prisoned, 7 were fined and 1 was whipped
- Rebecca Riots
- Toll gates were introduced which meant farmers were charged for each trip to/from market
- Farmers grouped together to destroy toll gates
- Some of the rioters dressed as women
- Violence spread and barns and workhouses were destroyed at Carmarthen
- In 1843 a toll gate keeper was killed
- Soldiers were sent to West Wales
- 5 of the riot leaders were arrested and transported to Australlia
- Luddites
- New machinery meant workers lost their jobs or had their wages cut
- In 1811 workers smashed up machines in Nottinghamshire
- Between 1811 and 1813 attacks spread to Lancashire and Yorkshire
- Thousands of soldiers were sent to stop the attacks
- Luddites were executed and many more rioters were arrested
- The Merthyr Rising
- Took place in June 1831
- It started because miners were unhappy with their wages
- There was between 7,00 and 10,000 protesters
- 26 people were arrested, some were sent to Australlia
- During the protest a soldier (Donald Black) was stabbed. Dic Penderyn was sentenced to death for this. He was hung on the 13th August 1831 as a warning to others
- Causes
- Organised Crime
- Organised crime means a group of people work together to commit crimes
- The growth of wealth and population led to an increase of organised crime
- In large towns criminals were often organised into gangs led by master criminals. The authorities could do little to stop this.
- Jonathan Wild
- Jonatthan Wild was a master criminal in London
- Policing
- Bow Street Runners
- The Bow Street Runners were the first professional police force
- They worked full time and were paid a wage
- They were set up by John and Henry Fielding
- They were responsible for preventing and investigating crime within a 7 mile radius of London
- They also tackled highway robbers, organised criminals and thieves
- They wore a red waistcoat and had a pistol, handcuffs and a staff
- The Horse Patrol and River Police were also formed
- The River Police monitored the ports around the Thames
- The Horse Patrol tackled riots and highway robbery
- When the Government grant they were given ran out, they were funded through donations
- The Bow Street Runners were the first professional police force
- Bow Street Runners
- Causes of Crime
- **** Turpin was involved in smuggling, horse-theft and house breaking before he became a highwayman
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