Conflicts between king and parliaments, 1665-81
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- Conflicts between King and Parliaments, 1665-81
- The Fall of Clarendon, 1667
- Edward Hyde (1st Earl of Clarendon) dominated early 1660's politics, but didn't put enough effort into managing parliament on the King's behalf.
- He was held responsible for England's humilitaing defeat in the Second Dutch War (1665-67).
- This was after the Dutch attacked the English fleet in the river Medway.
- Charles pointed Parliaments anger against Clarendon.
- He fled to France in 1667.
- The removal of Clarendon as cheif minister led to a group of diverse ministers filling his role.
- became know as the 'Cabal'
- The 3rd Dutch War, 1672-74
- 1670, Charles and Louis XIV of France formed the Secret Treaty of Dover.
- Charles agreed to join France in any future French war against the Dutch.
- MPs were very unhappy with this agreement.
- Suspicious of Charles' relationship with the absolutist and Catholic Louis.
- Most sympathised with the Dutch.
- In the terms of the treaty, Charles agreed to convert to Catholicism when the time was right, in return for a pension from the French.
- If the king were to become Catholic it would create huge uncertainty in the kingdom.
- Charles started the 3rd Dutch War in 1672.
- Effective propaganda by William of Orange made the war very unpopular with parliament and the people.
- Anger against the king increased with the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672.
- Granted a substantial measure of religious freedom to Catholics and dissenters.
- Anger against the king increased with the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672.
- Due to the financial demands of the war, Charles had to declare himself bankrupt (known as Stop the Exchequer) in 1672.
- In 1673, after a difficult Parliamentary session, Charles withdrew the declaration.
- The Test Act of 1673 required all office holders to declare their opposition to Catholic religious doctrines.
- One effect of this Act was that the King's brother (James, Duke of York) was excluded from high office.
- Another effect was the fall of the 'Cabal' and the subsequent emergance of Thomas Osborne (Earl of Danby) as Charles' new cheif minister.
- The Test Act of 1673 required all office holders to declare their opposition to Catholic religious doctrines.
- In 1673, after a difficult Parliamentary session, Charles withdrew the declaration.
- Effective propaganda by William of Orange made the war very unpopular with parliament and the people.
- 1670, Charles and Louis XIV of France formed the Secret Treaty of Dover.
- The Exclusion Crisis, 1678-81
- In 1678, many wild accusations were made against Catholic nobels and the Queen herself.
- Claimed they were planning to murder the King and place the Duke of York (Charles' brother) upon the throne.
- Although the 'Popish Plot' was completely fabricated, it gave parliament the opportunity to denounce the king's ministers.
- Forced Charles to dissolve the Calvalier Parliament in Janurary 1679.
- The Exclusion Parliament, 1679-81
- 2 'Exclusion Parliaments' met in London between 1679-81.
- Each proposed a bill to exclude the Duke of York from the sucession to the throne.
- The issue caused widespread debate, supported by many demonstrations supporting exclusion.
- Charles refussed to consider the proposed measure.
- Dissolved each parliament after just a few months.
- Each proposed a bill to exclude the Duke of York from the sucession to the throne.
- A 3rd Parliament met in March 1681 in the royalist stronghold of Oxford.
- By this time Charles had recieved a large financial subsidy from Louis XIV.
- This made him more independant from Parliament.
- Thus, he was able to refuse all of Parliament's demands.
- It was dissolved after just a few weeks.
- Thus, he was able to refuse all of Parliament's demands.
- This made him more independant from Parliament.
- By this time Charles had recieved a large financial subsidy from Louis XIV.
- 2 'Exclusion Parliaments' met in London between 1679-81.
- Whigs and Tories
- The exclusion Crisis led to the gradual emergance if two political groupings.
- The whigs supported exclusion.
- They claimed that toleration of Catholics would cause a drift towards royal absolutism, on the French model.
- They championed popular sovereignty and the defence of England's religion and its traditional liberties.
- The Tories were strong believers in the power of the monarchy, the hereditary succession and respect for authority.
- They attacked the whigs as closeted republicans, whose beliefs would destabalise the country and lead to another civil war.
- The whigs supported exclusion.
- The exclusion Crisis led to the gradual emergance if two political groupings.
- In 1678, many wild accusations were made against Catholic nobels and the Queen herself.
- The Fall of Clarendon, 1667
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