Cognitive psychology- memory
- Created by: Robyn
- Created on: 17-05-13 17:15
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- Cognitive psychology- memory
- The Multi-store Model
- Sensory memory
- short duration store
- holds unprocessed impressions
- sensory info
- Short-term memory
- a temporary store
- holds small amounts
- brief duration
- less than 30 secs
- Peterson and Peterson
- nonsense trigrams
- good recall- 3secs
- bad recall- 18secs
- nonsense trigrams
- encoding= mainly acoustic
- Baddeley
- acoustic similar= 15% recall
- acoustic confusion= acoustic encoding
- Baddeley
- Long-term memory
- permanent
- capacity= limitless
- duration= unlimited
- Bahrick et al
- yearbook photo recall
- 15 years later
- 90%
- 48 years later
- 80% names
- 70% faces
- 15 years later
- yearbook photo recall
- Bahrick et al
- encoding= semantic
- Baddeley
- semantic=55% recall
- after 20 mins
- semantic=55% recall
- Baddeley
- Evaluate
- influential :)
- case studies :)
- over simplistic stores :(
- structure not process :(
- Cohen :(
- capacity= nature of info
- Sensory memory
- Working Memory Model
- Central Executive
- oversees and coordinates
- determines what info is seen to
- Baddeley
- 2 tasks compete for central executive resources
- limited capacity
- Phonological loop
- store auditory info
- slave system
- phonological store
- stores words heard
- Articulatory process
- sub-vocal repetition of info in loop
- Baddeley et al
- recall short words better
- Visual-spatial sketchpad
- stores visual and spatial info
- visual cache
- stores visual material about colour and form
- Inner scribe
- store info about spatial relations
- Episodic buffer
- limited capacity store
- integrated info from other stores
- Evaluation
- emphasis on rehearsal :)
- PET scan :)
- STM= temporary store and active process :)
- vague central executive knowledge :(
- only STM :(
- experimentslack realism :(
- Central Executive
- Eye witness testimony
- Evidence providedby witnesses to crime
- research furthers understanding of memory
- suggests how court cases should be conducted
- Schemas
- ready made expectations
- fill gaps in knowledge
- implications for reliability of EWT
- affected by (mis)leading info
- increases likelihood of schemas being used
- get desired answers
- increases likelihood of schemas being used
- Research
- Loftus and Palmer
- film of car accident
- leading Qs
- change verb= change speed answer
- glass Q a week later
- verb affects answer
- leading Qs
- film of car accident
- Loftus
- leading Q about barn
- film of car accident
- leading Qs
- change verb= change speed answer
- glass Q a week later
- verb affects answer
- leading Qs
- film of car accident
- leading Q about barn
- Loftus and Palmer
- Evaluation
- EWT= more accurate in reality :)
- pps do not expect to be misled= inaccurate :)
- misleading info affects unimportant aspects :)
- Factors affecting accuracy of recall
- anxiety
- may heighten senses
- may impair memories
- Loftus et al
- weapon involved= focus on weapon not person
- Evaluation
- inverted-U hypothesis
- Evidence for and against
- Deffenbacher
- meta-analysis
- optimum performance until a certain amount of anxiety
- meta-analysis
- inverted-U hypothesis
- Age
- cognitive abilities decrease with time
- young kids= vulnerable to misleading
- Loftus et al
- old= false identifications
- no recall of specifics
- old= false identifications
- Evaluation
- best recall of photos with own age
- unclear why this happens
- difficult to control confounding variables
- anxiety
- Cognitive interview
- Police interview procedure
- Stages
- change of order
- recount from end to beginning
- Change of perspective
- mental reinstatement
- environmental and emotional state of context
- Report everything
- change of order
- Research
- Geiselman et al
- compared favourably
- Fisher et al
- assessed performance of interviewer
- Compared interview techniques
- Geiselman et al
- Evaluation
- several techniques + different versions
- time consuming
- recommended for over 8 yrs
- change of perspective= misleads
- The Multi-store Model
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