cognitive explanation
- Created by: Bethany Cooling
- Created on: 01-06-18 11:10
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- Cognitive Explanations
- Levels of moral reasoning
- Kohlberg said people's judgement of right and wrong is determined by moral development
- Higher the stage the more sophisticated the reasoning
- Pre Conventional Morality
- Stage 1: Punishment Orientation
- Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment
- Stage 2: Instrumental orientation or personal gain
- Rules are obeyed for personal gain
- Criminals are more likely to be at this level of moral reasoning
- Associated with less mature and childlike reasoning
- May commit crime if they can get a reward e.g. money or respect
- Associated with less mature and childlike reasoning
- Stage 1: Punishment Orientation
- Conventional Morality
- Stage 3: "Good boy" or "Good girl" orientation
- Rules are obeyed for approval
- Stage 4: Maintenance of the social order
- Rules are obeyed to maintain social order
- Non-criminals more likely to be at this level
- Stage 3: "Good boy" or "Good girl" orientation
- Post Conventional Morality
- Stage 5: Morality of contract and individual rights
- Rules are obeyed if they are impartial; rules are challenged if they infringe ont he rights of others
- Stage 6: Morality of conscience
- Individual establishes their own rules based on ethical principles
- Stage 5: Morality of contract and individual rights
- Offenders are more egocentric and show less sympathy and display poorer social skills
- Individuals at a higher level tend to sympathise more and exhibit behaviours such as honest, generosity and non-violence
- Kohlberg said people's judgement of right and wrong is determined by moral development
- Cognitive Distortions
- Faulty and biased thinking helps criminals justify their behaviour
- Hostile attribution bias
- Judging ambiguous situations as threatening
- Misinterpret others actions as violent when they're not
- Triggers an unfair violent response
- Minimalisation
- An attempt to deny or downplay the seriousness of an offense
- Burglars say they're "supporting their family"
- Sexual offenders: 35% said they were just being affectionate and 36% said that the victim had consented
- Levels of moral reasoning
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