Approaches Paper: Cognitive
- Created on: 29-05-16 16:38
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- Cognitive Approach
- Explanation
- Focuses on mental processes
- These include memory, thinking, perception and language
- Uses lab experiments
- Mental processes are invisible
- Therefore experiments are used to infer what people are thinking based on their actions
- Uses lab experiments
- Therefore experiments are used to infer what people are thinking based on their actions
- Focuses on mental processes
- Studies
- AS - Loftus and Palmer
- Aim: to see the effect of vocab/time on memory
- Experiment 1 procedure: watched car crash video, answered questionnaire with critical q (contacted, bumped, hit, collided, smashed) with and estimate of the speed of the car
- Results: More intense verb = higher speed estimate
- Conclusion: cognitive process of memory influenced by vocab/time
- Results: More intense verb = higher speed estimate
- Exp 2: crash video, waited 1 week, asked if they saw broken glass
- Results: leading question meant participants recalled seeing broken glass
- Conclusion: cognitive process of memory influenced by vocab/time
- Results: leading question meant participants recalled seeing broken glass
- Experiment 1 procedure: watched car crash video, answered questionnaire with critical q (contacted, bumped, hit, collided, smashed) with and estimate of the speed of the car
- Aim: to see the effect of vocab/time on memory
- A2 - Beck
- Aim: to understand how depressed people think
- Procedure: interviews with reports of patients thoughts before, during and after the session. Some patients kept diaries.
- Findings: low self esteem, self blame, paranoia, inferiority
- Conclusion: depression = cognitive distortions that deviate from realistic and logical thinking
- Findings: low self esteem, self blame, paranoia, inferiority
- Procedure: interviews with reports of patients thoughts before, during and after the session. Some patients kept diaries.
- Aim: to understand how depressed people think
- AS - Loftus and Palmer
- Strengths and limitations
- Strengths
- Helps to understand cognitive disorders and has useful applications in helping treat people with these disorders
- Beck: depressed people think differently to clinically 'normal' people, CBT can be used to alter their way of thinking
- Beck and Ellis: CBT effectively treats depression - CBT patients showed a 78.9% improvement compared to 20% in drug therapy
- Beck: depressed people think differently to clinically 'normal' people, CBT can be used to alter their way of thinking
- Scientific and uses lab objective methods e.g. lab experiments which are not open to bias
- B-C: each condition looked at same set of 25 eyes, same target/foil words etc.
- Gathers quantitative data which is easy to analyse and compare, easy to check for reliability
- B-C: each condition looked at same set of 25 eyes, same target/foil words etc.
- Helps to understand cognitive disorders and has useful applications in helping treat people with these disorders
- Limitations
- Tends to favour lab experiments - lack EV
- L+P: watched clip in lab, artificial setting so would have been expecting something
- Difficult to generalise findings about memory - wouldn't be expecting crash in real life, can't relate to a real life situation
- L+P: watched clip in lab, artificial setting so would have been expecting something
- Validity - measuring cognitive processes which can't be seen
- Savage-Rumbaugh - can only infer that pygmy chimps are really using language when they communicate through a Lexigram
- Decreases reliability
- Savage-Rumbaugh - can only infer that pygmy chimps are really using language when they communicate through a Lexigram
- Tends to favour lab experiments - lack EV
- Strengths
- Explanation
- Aim: to see the effect of vocab/time on memory
- Experiment 1 procedure: watched car crash video, answered questionnaire with critical q (contacted, bumped, hit, collided, smashed) with and estimate of the speed of the car
- Results: More intense verb = higher speed estimate
- Results: More intense verb = higher speed estimate
- Exp 2: crash video, waited 1 week, asked if they saw broken glass
- Results: leading question meant participants recalled seeing broken glass
- Results: leading question meant participants recalled seeing broken glass
- Experiment 1 procedure: watched car crash video, answered questionnaire with critical q (contacted, bumped, hit, collided, smashed) with and estimate of the speed of the car
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