Coding, capacity and duration: key studies
- Created by: c.derbyshire24
- Created on: 16-03-21 20:06
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- Coding, capacity and duration: key studies
- Coding
- Joseph Jacobs (1887)
- created a technique to measure digit span
- A researcher gave a number of digits and the participants is expected to recall them in the correct order
- The number of digits is increased until they can no longer recall them in the correct order
- The mean span for letters was 7.3
- A researcher gave a number of digits and the participants is expected to recall them in the correct order
- Joseph discovered that the mean digit span was 9.3
- Evaluation points
- Limitation: study was conducted a long time ago - lacks validity and control
- Strength: Josephs results have been confirmed in other studies
- created a technique to measure digit span
- George Miller (1956)
- Created a span of memory and chunking
- Discovered patterns of sevens (7)
- He believed this suggested capacity of short term memory must be 7 (give or take 2)
- chunking - people group sets of digits/units
- Discovered patterns of sevens (7)
- Created a span of memory and chunking
- Joseph Jacobs (1887)
- Capacity
- Alan Baddeley (1966)
- Four groups of participants
- Participants were given lists of words to remember
- Acoustically similar words + Acoustically dissimilar words + Semantically similar words + Semantically dissimilar words
- Participants were asked to recall them in the correct order
- When recalled immediately after learning hearing, they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words
- After a time interval of 20 minutes, participants tended to do worse with semantically similar words
- Participants were asked to recall them in the correct order
- Acoustically similar words + Acoustically dissimilar words + Semantically similar words + Semantically dissimilar words
- Evaluation points
- Limitation: use of artificial stimuli - words have no personal meaning so are therefore not reflective of real life.
- Alan Baddeley (1966)
- Duration
- Margaret and Lloyd Peterson (1959)
- conducted a study looking at short term memory
- 24 participants took part in 8 trials
- On each trial, they were given a consonant syllable as well as a three digit number
- They were told to count backwards from the number until told to stop
- Told to stop after different amounts of time
- Prevented memory rehearsal of the syllable.
- They were told to count backwards from the number until told to stop
- On each trial, they were given a consonant syllable as well as a three digit number
- Evaluation
- Limitation: use if artificial stimuli -doesn't reflect real life
- Limitation: new information pushes out old in STM
- Harry Bahrick (1975)
- Conducted a study on LTM
- Recall was tested in two ways:Photo recognition and free recall
- participants who left school within 15 years were 90% accurate in photo recall, 70% after 48 years.
- Free recall was worse than photo recognition
- After 15 years after leaving, free recall was around 60% accurate, 30% after 48 years.
- Recall was tested in two ways:Photo recognition and free recall
- 392 participants from from Ohio aged between 17-74
- High school Yearbooks were obtained
- Evaluation
- Strength - reflective of real life: meaningful memory
- Limitation - couldn't control variables
- Conducted a study on LTM
- Margaret and Lloyd Peterson (1959)
- Coding
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