Geography - Coasts CASE STUDIES
- Created by: selene98
- Created on: 01-05-15 19:46
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- Coasts
- Coastal erosion - The Holderness coastline
- Facts
- 61km long
- Stretches from Flamborough Head to Spurn Head
- Fastest eroding coastline in Europe
- Causes
- Geology: till, prone to erosion (corrasion) and slumping when wet
- Narrow beaches that protect less the cliffs
- Beaches are narrow due to Flamborough Head stopping sediment from north replenishing beaches along Holderness
- Coastal defences (human cause of erosion)
- Powerful waves
- Long fetch
- The coast faces dominant wind and wave direction (north-east)
- Impacts
- Social impacts
- 30 villages lost since Roman times
- Low property prices due to high risk of erosion
- Economic impacts
- Decreased tourism of 30% between 1998 and 2006
- Caravan parks at risk of erosion, e.g. Ulrome Car Park loses 10 pitches a year
- £2mil spent at Mappleton to protect the coast
- 80km2 of farmland lost every year
- Environmental impacts
- SSSIs are threatened
- The Lagoon near Easington, is at risk of erosion leading to the loss of 1% of the UK's population of little terns
- SSSIs are threatened
- Social impacts
- Facts
- Coastal flooding - Tsunami South Asia, 2004
- Facts
- Tsunami devastated Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India
- Caused by a 9.0 earthquake in the Indian Ocean
- Tsunami travelled for 800km across the Bay of Bengal
- Tsunami reached 2km inland
- Epicenter of earthquake off western coast of Indonesia
- Impacts
- Social
- 230.000 killed/missing
- 1.7mil made homeless
- Polluted drinking water by saltwater or sewage
- 400.000 lost their jobs, only Sri Lanka
- Economic
- Cost of damage $5bil-$18bil
- Livelihood of fishermen affected due to destroyed equipment (boats, nets, etc)
- Salinisation of land reduced soil fertility and crop production decreased
- Tourism affected; 25% of Thailand's hotels were closed
- Destroyed coral reefs increased the impacts
- Environmental
- 8mil litres of oil into the sea, producing pollution and soil contamination
- Damaged Mangrove forests
- Natural balance of system destroyed due to salt content in soil
- Social
- Facts
- Coastal management
- Hard Engineering - Holderness
- Successfulness
- 11,4km of coastline protected
- Bridlington protected by 4,7km of sea wall + timber groynes
- 2 rock groynes + 500m of revetment at Mappleton to protect the village and B1242
- Withernsea protected by groynes and sea wall
- Spurn Head protected by groynes and rip rap
- Gabions protect Hornsea Caravan Park
- Easington Gas Terminal protected by revetment
- Problems
- Groynes increase erosion of the cliffs down-drift, e.g. increased erosion south Mappleton
- Reduction of eroded sediment leads to increased risk of flooding along Lincolnshire Coast
- Formation of bays between areas, putting pressure on headlands and increasing cost of maintanance
- Successfulness
- Soft Engineering - Blackwater Estuary
- Facts
- Nourished beaches at Mersea Island
- Marsh stabilization at Ray Creek by planting vegetation
- Coastal realignment at Bradwell-on-sea
- Sea wall breached in 1995 and 40 hectares of farmland flooded at Orplands due to coast. realign.
- Lowered sea wall in 1991 at Northey Island + 0.8 hectares breached flooded
- Scheme more successful than hard engineering
- Marshland created at Orplands will defend the coast for longer as it's self repairing
- More marshlands provide more habitats for wildlife
- Lost grazing land
- Facts
- Hard Engineering - Holderness
- Coastal erosion - The Holderness coastline
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