Co-Operation of the Localities
- Created by: EllenMcinallyGibbs
- Created on: 18-01-19 09:46
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- Co-operation of the Localities
- The Law in Wales Act 1542
- The act introduced English law into Wales
- Brought end to traditional Welsh system (e.g. blood feud)
- System of law courts was introduced called the courts of great sessions - held in new Welsh county twice a year
- Courts tried criminal cases (theft, physical attacks) and there was no right of appeal
- Council of the Marches now the Council of Wales - intoduced a president + vice president -appointed by monarch
- Powers strengthened as they now rested on authority of the king + parliment
- Powers Included: the right to hear legal cases in a manner similar to the English Star Chamber + oversee law and order in Wales and the former macher counties
- Powers strengthened as they now rested on authority of the king + parliment
- Council of the Marches now the Council of Wales - intoduced a president + vice president -appointed by monarch
- Elizabeth's regin - Marcher Council included Lord Lieutenansts
- Courts tried criminal cases (theft, physical attacks) and there was no right of appeal
- System of law courts was introduced called the courts of great sessions - held in new Welsh county twice a year
- Brought end to traditional Welsh system (e.g. blood feud)
- The act introduced English law into Wales
- The Re-establishment of the Council of the North 1537
- October 1536 - rebellion in Lincolnshire + spreading north
- Cromwell decided to remodel the Council in 1537
- Power to hear and decide cases of treason, murder, felony
- Oversaw food supplies, regulated trade, organised local musters for military campaigns + heard private cases
- Governed Yorkshire, Durham, North-umberland, Cumberland + Westmorland
- President was either a bishop or nobility from South/ Midlands
- Rest of Council made up of local gentry, lawyers and clergy - appointed by Justices of the Peace
- Oversaw food supplies, regulated trade, organised local musters for military campaigns + heard private cases
- Elizabeth tried to put more southerners into the Council - caused resentment
- Power to hear and decide cases of treason, murder, felony
- Cromwell decided to remodel the Council in 1537
- October 1536 - rebellion in Lincolnshire + spreading north
- The Law in Wales Act 153
- Cromwell becan a process that would lead to permanent changes
- The 1535 Act transformed the structure of Welsh government:
- 1) The Principality of Wales and the Marcher Lordship were abolished and replaced with 12 English-style counties
- 2) The English-style system of local government introduced, including SHERIFFS, CORONERS and JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
- 3) The Act banned the use of Welsh in the courst - only English
- 4) Each new Welsh county and county town allocated two MPs
- 5) End of traditional military power of the marcher lords
- 4) Each new Welsh county and county town allocated two MPs
- 3) The Act banned the use of Welsh in the courst - only English
- 2) The English-style system of local government introduced, including SHERIFFS, CORONERS and JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
- 1) The Principality of Wales and the Marcher Lordship were abolished and replaced with 12 English-style counties
- The 1535 Act transformed the structure of Welsh government:
- Cromwell becan a process that would lead to permanent changes
- Increasing borough represention in the Commons
- Elizabeth's reign - 191 boroughs with right to send two MPs to parliament
- House of Commons grew from 296 to 462 members
- Boroughs represented in parliament ranged - London = 200,000 Newcastle = 10,000
- 'Rotten' boroughs
- Reasons for the growth of representation of boroughs
- Pressure from the towns themselves
- Most MPs were not true 'townsmen' but landed gentry
- Financially sensible to have a member of the gentry acting as their MP
- Elizabeth's reign - 191 boroughs with right to send two MPs to parliament
- Increasing literacy in the Yeoman class
- Growth of humanist ideas - emphasized the role of education for all = grammar schools
- Public grammar schools didn't charge fee and open for rich and poor boys
- 'English' schools which taught reading, writing and English grammar
- Only 2 universities (Oxford and Cambridge) - number of students increased (Oxford 1,150 to 2,000)
- Half the students were nobility/gentry - the rest yeomen or artisans
- Rebellions - Cornish Rising 1497 and the 1549 troubles had been mostly led by yeomen who held high status in their localities
- Literate Yeomen formulated the rebel demands and acted as spokesmen in negotiations with the Crown
- Yeomen were now included in local government
- Yeomen taking on roles such as administration of the Poor Law and voting elections
- Yeomen more likely to defend gov then attack it
- More likely to use the legal system to resolve disputes - not violence
- Growth of humanist ideas - emphasized the role of education for all = grammar schools
- Changing role of Justices of Peace
- JP first emerged in 14th century
- Appointed annually for each county
- Their powers already wide-ranging = hear and decide on cases of felony and trespass
- hear and decide on cases of felony and trespass
- They could arrest potential suspects
- Supervised the fixing of prices and wages
- They could arrest potential suspects
- hear and decide on cases of felony and trespass
- Their powers already wide-ranging = hear and decide on cases of felony and trespass
- Appointed annually for each county
- To become a JP an individual must own land worth at least £20 a year
- Some JPs were appointed because they were laywers
- JPs expected to administer the Poor Law and control vagrants
- Henry VII
- Henry VII - his position of a usurper made him vulnerable
- He often appointed trusted members of his Court to be JPs
- Act of Parliament 1495 allowed JPs to act on info received about suspects without waiting for a jury
- Given power to replace jurors who they considered to be corrupt
- Had power to inquire into illegal retaining by the nobility + examine complaints of corruption against other local officials
- Given power to replace jurors who they considered to be corrupt
- Henry VII - his position of a usurper made him vulnerable
- Henry VIII
- Appointing as JP was for life
- Wolsey 1526 =JPs to hear a speech = asked them to fill in a 21-section questionnaire
- Cromwell careful to check who was appointed JP since he expected them to enforce the Supremacy and the Reformation
- Edward / Elizabeth
- Edward = JPs enforced Edward's religious change
- 1549, JPs ordered take inventory of parish goods = expose whose illegally taken them
- 1552 = enforce Second Prayer Book
- 1549, JPs ordered take inventory of parish goods = expose whose illegally taken them
- Liz = JPs ranged from 40-90 member
- Cecil keep eye on membership of benches
- Gentry realised being JP = political advancement
- Deputy Lieutenants (helped organisation of men to fight)
- Cecil keep eye on membership of benches
- Edward = JPs enforced Edward's religious change
- JP first emerged in 14th century
- 1513 Subsidy
- Henry VIII eager for war with France
- Wolsey's solution:
- 1) Subsidy was flexible - individuals assessed on income diff sources of wealth (land, wages, possessions)
- 2) Subsidy assessed by each individual's ability to pay, based on wealth + property
- 3) Separate assessment introduced for nobility, based on rank
- 4) Local officials often drawn from most respected men in local society
- reduced resentment caused by fifteenths and tenths
- ensured rich contributed more to taxation than poor
- Wolsey problem = demands for war = parliament reluctant to grant amount he wanted
- ensured rich contributed more to taxation than poor
- reduced resentment caused by fifteenths and tenths
- 4) Local officials often drawn from most respected men in local society
- 3) Separate assessment introduced for nobility, based on rank
- 2) Subsidy assessed by each individual's ability to pay, based on wealth + property
- Cromwell asked Parliament for subsidy to fund Henry's gov in peacetime
- Liz = system corrupt + govs income from subsidy fell
- Allowed wealthy to evade taxation
- Liz = system corrupt + govs income from subsidy fell
- 1) Subsidy was flexible - individuals assessed on income diff sources of wealth (land, wages, possessions)
- Wolsey's solution:
- Henry VIII eager for war with France
- Growth of poverty and government response
- Population growth
- resulted in rising prices and falling wages
- pressure of resources, particularly food
- Farmers could charge more = price inflation
- Bad weather = bad harvests
- dissolution of monasteries = no support and alms for poor
- Vagrancy + begging
- 1531 Poor Law = vagrants to be whipped
- Impotent poor (physical disabilities/ illness) licensed by JPs + allowed to beg
- Vagrancy Act
- so harsh that local authorities found it impossible to enforce
- 1550 repealed
- 1552 new Poor Law replaced it
- 1550 repealed
- so harsh that local authorities found it impossible to enforce
- Population growth
- Act for the Relief of the Poor 1598
- came from 'Private bills'
- 1) introduced post of overseer of the poor for each parish
- 2) unpaid overseer supervised by JPs who given power of compulsory contribution + punish those who refuse
- 4) new Poor Law combined with other laws (1598 Vagabonds Act, Act for Relief of Soldiers and Mariners)
- 5) Acts that provided for building hospitals for ill and houses of correction for able-bodied poor
- 4) new Poor Law combined with other laws (1598 Vagabonds Act, Act for Relief of Soldiers and Mariners)
- assess how much poor relief needed + collect and distribute relief
- 2) unpaid overseer supervised by JPs who given power of compulsory contribution + punish those who refuse
- making contributions to poor relief fully compulsory
- Statue of Artificers
- solution for wages, price rises + vagrancy - dealt with together
- 1) All unmarried under 30 compelled to work + accept any job offered
- 2) Harvest time - JPs force those able to work to help bring in crops
- 3) People aged 12-60 required to work on land unless member of gentry, heir to land worth £10 year, already employed in skilled craft, mining, metal work, glass work, in school/uni
- 4) All wages assessed + set by local JP annually
- 5) Hours of work fixed (summer = 5-8) (winter = dawn-sunset)
- 6) Apprentice-ships were set at 7 years
- 5) Hours of work fixed (summer = 5-8) (winter = dawn-sunset)
- 4) All wages assessed + set by local JP annually
- 3) People aged 12-60 required to work on land unless member of gentry, heir to land worth £10 year, already employed in skilled craft, mining, metal work, glass work, in school/uni
- 2) Harvest time - JPs force those able to work to help bring in crops
- enhanced importance of apprentships
- Protected status of skilled craftsmen
- emphasis on food production as essential job
- Protected status of skilled craftsmen
- Patronage
- Henry VIII gave patronage to the men in his Chamber
- Growth of royal estates under Henry added to ability to manipulate patronage
- Cromwell got his start in royal service through Wolsey's patronage
- Professional administrators became influential due to their access to patronage
- Problems
- Patronage relied on strong monarch - if too old, young, ill, easily manipulated - ambitious courtiers see advantage for own needs
- could cause jealousy + lead to political instability
- Rivalry between fractions who wanted to influence Henry's policy
- could cause jealousy + lead to political instability
- Liz's patronage breaking - her most trusted Councillors died by 1590
- Patronage relied on strong monarch - if too old, young, ill, easily manipulated - ambitious courtiers see advantage for own needs
- Elizabeth gave patronage to her 'favourites'
- Elizabeth careful to keep distribution of patronage in her own hands
- Liz gave patronage to southern 'outsiders' in the North as it was Catholic
- caused resentment - the Revolt of the Northern Earls 1569
- Liz gave patronage to southern 'outsiders' in the North as it was Catholic
- Elizabeth careful to keep distribution of patronage in her own hands
- Henry VIII gave patronage to the men in his Chamber
- Royal Progresses
- Progresses were journeys made by the ruler and their court to regions in England
- enhanced respect + obedience to monarchy in localities
- increased visibility of the monarch
- show off power + wealth + prestige of the Court
- remind their subjects of their military + legal power
- make contact with localities
- remind their subjects of their military + legal power
- show off power + wealth + prestige of the Court
- increased visibility of the monarch
- enhanced respect + obedience to monarchy in localities
- Henry VII moved around constantly
- Henry VIII became too old + ill to travel. did use progresses but lesser extent
- Edward + Mary saw fewer progresses as result of youth and ill health
- Elizabeth + her entire Court went on progresses nearly every summer
- driven by politics AND desire to save money - stay in houses of nobility + gentry
- Liz used progresses to strengthen the bonds of trust + royal authority with her leading Councillors
- driven by politics AND desire to save money - stay in houses of nobility + gentry
- Progresses were journeys made by the ruler and their court to regions in England
- The Law in Wales Act 1542
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