Co-operation iii
- Created by: Hannah-Smith
- Created on: 19-03-21 15:58
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- Co-operation III
- Mutualism
- When individuals benefit from interacting at the same time
- Gain a net survival or reproductive benefit from cooperating
- Clients and cleaner fish
- Manipulation and Coercion
- Looks like altruism on the part of the donor
- Manipulation refers to a situation where one animal tricks another into aiding
- Coercion is when an animal forces another into aiding it (rare)
- Manipulation
- Brood parasites
- Intraspecific
- Starlings remove and dump
- Interspecific
- Cuckoos lay eggs in other birds' nests
- Coercion
- Researchers believe that high ranking primates may extort beneficial services like grooming from subordinates
- Reciprocity
- If an individual directs a beneficial behaviour towards another at a cost to itself then as long as the behaviour is later reciprocated, both individuals will benefit (Trivers, 1971)
- Often referred to as reciprocal altruism (may be misleading)
- When to cooperate?
- Theoreticians have attempted to model how animals should proceed when behaving co-operatively
- The "prisoner's dilemma" (Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981) is the most worked example of such a model
- Based on 2 individuals, faced with a decision about whether to co-operate or defect (not co-operate, i.e. betray) upon meeting
- *** for Tat?
- Individuals stuck in a prisoner's dilemma should exchange behaviours in a "*** for tat" manner (Axelrod, 1981)
- So, for co-operative behaviours to be stable, co-operate on the 1st encounter, after that do what your partner did the first time
- TFT is retaliatory and forgiving and has been found to be stable over many repeated runs - mostly on computers
- Conditions
- Unless provoked, the agent will always cooperate
- If provoked, the agent will retaliate
- The agent is quick to forgive
- The agent must have a good chance of competing against the opponent more than once,
- "*** for 2 Tats" or "*** for tat with forgiveness" might be a more stable strategy.
- Mutualism
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