Cloning
- Created by: beth-marie2511
- Created on: 21-06-16 14:09
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- Cloning
- A group of genetically identical organisms formed from a single parent as a result of asexual reproduction or artificial means
- Its purpose is to maintain genetic stock, to conserve rare breeds, to increase yield and to obtain desirable traits in organisms
- Embryo Cloning
- Low tech version of cloning
- Mimics the natural process of creating identical twins
- Made it possible for farmers to increase livestock numbers
- In nature twins occur just after fertilisation in which the zygote divides into 2 embryos - the two embryonic cells came from the same zygote so are genetically identical
- Artificial embryo twinning uses the same approach but in a petri dish
- Fertilised zygote/egg divides by mitosis to form an embryo which then splits into 2 before differentiation producing a genetic clone of the original
- Resulting embryos are placed in a SURROGATE mother where they are carried to term and delivered
- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transplant Cloning
- A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than the reproductive cells
- 1. Somatic cell is isolated from the donor and cultured in a medium to stop division and the DNA is then removed
- 2. Unfertilised egg is removed from the recipient and the DNA / nucleus is removed
- Egg cell is ennucleated
- 3. Donor and recipient cells fuse together - stimulated to divide to the 8 cell stage
- 4. Developing embryo is placed into the uterus of the surrogate mother
- The lamb born is genetically identical to the original donor sheep
- Advantages
- Potential benefits for the fields of medicine and agriculture
- E.G. useful for the production of cells in quantity, such as cancer cells for research and monoclonal antibodies
- Cloned sheep to produce milk with a specific protein for the clotting of blood
- Makes copies of animals with desired agricultural traits
- Lean meat or high milk production
- Build populations of endangered or even extinct species
- Potential benefits for the fields of medicine and agriculture
- Disadvantages
- Reproductive cloning is inefficient and expensive
- Most cloned animal embryos cannot develop into healthy individuals
- Adverse health effects including an increase in birth size and defective vital organs
- Premature aging and problems with the immune system develop
- A group of genetically identical organisms formed from a single parent as a result of asexual reproduction or artificial means
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