A2 Clinical psychology A01 knowledge
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- Created on: 15-02-17 14:20
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- Clinical Psychology A2
- 4 D's of diagnosis
- Deviance- rare within society, different from norms
- Dysfunction- significantly interferes with a persons life
- Distress- how much upset does it cause
- Danger- either to themselves or others
- Classification systems
- ICD
- Written by: The WHO Version: 10 Used by: guiding diagnosis through the clinical interview Used in: All countires
- DSM:
- Written by: The APA Version: 5 Used by: 5 axis( 1-describes major MHD 2- Symptoms 2- medical conditions 4- Psychosocial and environmental 5- Global functioning) Used in: America
- ICD
- Schizophrenia
- Features
- A psychosis, separate from reality. 1% of the population suffer from it.10+ years less life expectancy (health/suicide). Diagnosed in adolescence to 30 y/o. More likely in poorer, unemplyed/homeless
- Symptoms
- 1. Disorganised thinking and speech 2. Abnormal motor behaviour 3. Hallucinations 4. Delusions 5. Negative symptoms
- Biological explanations
- Neurotransmitters: A neurotransmitter send messages across the synapse in which they bind to recpetors and pass messages through electricity. Dopamine- helps control the brains reward and pleasure centres and regulate emotional responses
- Low Dopamine= prone to addiction
- High Dopamine=links to schizophrenia
- Genetics: Look at concordance rates between twins to see the likelihood of one twin getting schizophrenia (MZ twins have a 48% of SZ if one twin has it)
- Neurotransmitters: A neurotransmitter send messages across the synapse in which they bind to recpetors and pass messages through electricity. Dopamine- helps control the brains reward and pleasure centres and regulate emotional responses
- Non-Biological explanations
- Social Causation:
- Social Class-lower class=higher SZ incidents, Unemployment, deprived areas, longer term causes
- Social Adversity- city living, unemployment and poverty, isolation or overcrowding, crime and drug use/separtion from parents
- Immigrant population- Afro-Caribbean and black population=higher incidents, Disadvantaged
- Alien Neighborhood-Higher incidence when ethnic group doesn't dominate neighborhood
- Social Causation:
- Biological treatments
- Drugs: target neurotransmitters. Drugs used to treat schizophrenia=antipsychotic drugs. Each patient is put on one drug at a time. they reduce positive symptoms
- Typical antipsychotic drugs- well established, bad sideeffects Atypical antipsychotic drugs- newer, fewer sideeffects
- Side-effects: sleepiness, muscle spasms, low risk of tardive dyskensia
- Drugs: target neurotransmitters. Drugs used to treat schizophrenia=antipsychotic drugs. Each patient is put on one drug at a time. they reduce positive symptoms
- Cognitive treatments
- CBT: uses cognitive and behavioural psychlogy. Addresses the thinking and behaviour involved
- Ellis: ABC model-change faulty belief system and behaviour
- 1. Belief modification- delusional thinking challenged 2. Focussing and reattribution- looks at the content of auditory hallucinations 3. Normalising-looking at psychotic experience rationally
- CBT: uses cognitive and behavioural psychlogy. Addresses the thinking and behaviour involved
- Features
- OCD
- Features
- Anxiety disorder. 4th most common mental disorder. Affects all genders and ages. tends to start in childhood/ adolescence. 25% of male sufferers before aged 10. 1.2% of UK and 2% of worldwide
- Symptoms
- 1. Obsessions cannot be ignored 2. Time consuming 3. No substance misuse 4. No other disorder 5. Check for a tic disorder
- Biological explanation
- Faulty circuit: Orbitofrontal cortex-alerts the brain to potential worries in the enviroment. Cingulate Gyrus- connects thalamus to orbitofrontal cortex. Caudate Nucleus- inhibits actions of globus palidus fibres (GPF). GPF- acts as a braking mechanism/ Thalamus- contaisn primitive checking and cleaning behaviours
- Non-Biological explanation
- Cognitive model: Pace et al, 6 cognitive variables
- 1.High focus on responsibility 2.Over importance of thoughts 3.Excessive focus on controlling ones own thoughts 4.Overestimating threats 5.Difficulty in tolerating uncertainty 6.Requiring perfectionn
- Cognitive model: Pace et al, 6 cognitive variables
- Treatments
- CBT: First choice, goal orientated, short term, changes thought patterns that cause anxiety, aim to change the beliefs that are triggered though the intrusive thoughts (similar to SD)
- Drugs: second choice, Antidepressants, Beta-blockers, Benzodiazepines
- Features
- 4 D's of diagnosis
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